山地植被冠层二向反射遥感模型研究进展

魏珂昕; 闻建光; 游冬琴; 唐勇; 赵聪聪; 柳钦火; 肖青

doi:10.11834/jrs.20255060

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山地植被冠层二向反射遥感模型研究进展
Recent advances in bidirectional reflectance remote sensing model of vegetation canopy over rugged terrain
2026年30卷第1期页码：42-60
收稿：2025-02-21，

纸质出版：2026-01-07
DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20255060
稿件说明：

移动端阅览

魏珂昕，闻建光，游冬琴，唐勇，赵聪聪，柳钦火，肖青.2026.山地植被冠层二向反射遥感模型研究进展.遥感学报，30（1）： 42-60 DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20255060.

Wei K X，Wen J G，You D Q，Tang Y，Zhao C C，Liu Q H and Xiao Q. 2026. Recent advances in bidirectional reflectance remote sensing model of vegetation canopy over rugged terrain. National Remote Sensing Bulletin， 30（1）：42-60 DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20255060.

摘要

二向反射率分布函数BRDF（Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function）是刻画植被冠层二向反射特性的重要函数。山地地形是影响二向反射分布函数的关键因素之一，中国山区面积分布广，迫切要求针对植被冠层的二向反射特性机理模型研究从平坦均质地表扩展至山地复杂地表。山地植被冠层二向反射遥感模型是理解复杂地形影响二向反射特性机制的基础，也是山区地表关键参量反演的重要前提。依据遥感建模场景尺度差异，当前山地植被冠层二向反射遥感模型涵盖了单一坡面植被冠层二向反射机理模型和复合坡面植被冠层二向反射机理模型。论文首先回顾了山地植被冠层平坦地表二向反射定义至山地二向反射定义的发展历程，并从单一坡植被冠层二向反射机理模型和复合坡二向反射机理模型两种尺度综述了当前机理模型的主要进展。在单一坡面尺度，模型重点考虑地形坡面对冠层辐射传输过程的影响机理；在复合坡面尺度，模型进一步考虑亚像元微小坡面相互遮挡及其散射互作用，并通过等效坡面奠定了单一坡和复合坡二向反射一体化建模的基础。文章最后从考虑混合地类特征的山地二向反射建模、山地地表—大气耦合的多尺度二向反射模型以及山区多角度立体观测和验证技术3方面提出未来发展展望，构建高精度山地植被观测二向反射机理模型，为山区定量遥感反演和监测应用提供理论支撑。

Abstract

The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) is an essential function that characterizes the bidirectional reflectance properties of vegetation canopies. Mountains account for approximately 24% of the Earth’s land surface and 67% of China’s land area. Complex terrain alters the geometric configuration among the sun

surface

and sensor

as well as the canopy structure and radiative transfer processes

thereby distorting the shape and magnitude of the BRDF and introducing significant uncertainties in land surface parameter retrievals. Therefore

quantifying the radiative transfer process in complex terrain from a mechanistic perspective and constructing a mountainous canopy BRDF model are crucial for accurately describing the bidirectional reflectance characteristics of mountainous surfaces. These tasks are fundamental for understanding the mechanisms by which topography influences reflectance features and serve as essential prerequisites for retrieving key land surface parameters in mountainous regions. Various models have been developed to simulate the BRDF of vegetation canopies over flat surfaces

establishing quantitative relationships between canopy parameters and reflectance. However

given the extensive distribution of mountainous areas in China

extending the mechanistic modeling of canopy bidirectional reflectance from flat and homogeneous surfaces to complex mountainous terrains is urgently required.

Modeling canopy BRDFs is central to comprehensively understanding the bidirectional reflectance characteristics of complex surfaces in mountainous areas. This paper first provides a brief introduction to the theoretical background of BRDF definitions over flat and complex terrains

followed by a review of the development in canopy BRDF models over flat surfaces. Subsequently

it focuses on two typical complex terrains—single- and composite-slope surfaces—to analyze the current development trends and characteristics of mechanistic canopy BRDF models over complex terrain. Finally

we present a vision and concept for future canopy BRDF models over complex terrain.

In accordance with the spatial scale relationship between the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the resolution of remote sensing pixels

complex terrain modeling can be classified into single-slope modeling

where each pixel contains a unique slope and aspect

and composite-slope modeling

where each pixel encompasses multiple slopes and aspects. The former mainly optimizes the modeling process through three approaches: (1) correcting the geometry between the sun

terrain

and sensor; (2) correcting the geometry between the sun

canopy

and sensor; and (3) refining the radiative transfer process on sloped surfaces. Unlike single-slope modeling

composite-slope modeling targets larger-scale scenarios and requires consideration of subpixel topographic effects. Current composite-slope models can be categorized into three types on the basis of terrain representation methods: (1) specific-shape models; (2) models based on mean-slope approximation; (3) DEM-based BRDF models.

Perspectives on the future development of vegetation canopy bidirectional reflectance models over complex terrain are presented as follows: (1) mountain bidirectional reflectance modeling considering mixed land-cover types—how to extend current single land-cover BRDF modeling to account for within-scene heterogeneity and multiple scattering among different land-cover types

thereby constructing a multiscale

all-terrain

multitype physical model

which remains a significant challenge; (2) the urgent need to develop multiscale radiative transfer models coupling mountainous surfaces and the atmosphere; (3) advancing mountain 3D remote sensing observation techniques and validation methods for complex terrain BRDF models—because multiangular field observations in mountainous regions are difficult

ground-based multiangular datasets are generally lacking; and (4) promoting the operational application of complex terrain BRDF models. The progressive refinement of mountainous vegetation canopy bidirectional reflectance models has significantly enhanced their application potential

providing essential modeling support for simulating land surface parameters in mountainous regions across different scales. These advancements hold great significance for vegetation parameter retrieval

energy balance estimation

and climate change assessment in mountainous environments.

关键词

Keywords

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