سابِق|تال

Research status of satellite altimeter calibration

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China

  • Email：leiyang@fio.org.cn
  • Introduction：杨磊，1988年生，男，工程师，研究方向为海洋遥感和测绘。E-mail：leiyang@fio.org.cn
Lei YANG1,  
  • Affiliation：

    First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China

Xinghua ZHOU1,  
  • Affiliation：

    Marine Environment Special Office of the Chinese People’ Liberation Army, Beijing 100081, China

Quanjun XU2,  
  • Affiliation：

    Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China

Baogui KE3,  
  • Affiliation：

    National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China

Bo MU4,  
  • Affiliation：

    Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China

    University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China

Lin ZHU56

ملخص

Satellite altimetry is one of the most important remote sensing technologies used over oceans, and it can dramatically promote ocean science in different disciplines. Since 2011, China has launched the HY-2A and HY-2B satellite altimeters to provide spatially dense data with a 14 day–time frequency to the international altimetry community. Calibration is an important work to maintain the high accuracy of the satellite altimeter data. Following the launch of HY-2A and HY-2B, as well as new satellites to be launched in the near future, the long time series of altimetry data will likely be achieved. The importance of altimeter calibration in guaranteeing the accuracy of satellite data and the consistency of long time series measurements will also likely become prominent. This paper summarizes the research progress and the status of the main calibration technology at the global level. The calibration methods are generally categorized into absolute and relative sets. Each method is briefly described along with its calibration principle and its merits and demerits. The instructions for the methods of tide gauge, GNSS buoy, and the crossover calibration between different satellites are given in detail, especially since they have been discussed comprehensively in the operational calibration literature. The calibration methods based on the transponder, ARGO, and tide gauge networks are briefly described given their supplementary roles. The existing progress and application of Chinese calibration sites are also presented. The geodetic survey and the surface subsidence over the Qianliyan calibration site and the calibration results for HY-2A, Jason-2 and Jason-3, Saral, and Sentinel-3A are demonstrated in detail. Then, the Wanshan sites and the planning calibration network in the Chinese coastal area are introduced. Furthermore, the wet delay of the troposphere, as measured by Jason-2 AMR in 2010—2016, is evaluated by considering one site from the Chinese coastal GNSS network, thus proving the feasibility of calibrating the microwave radiometer wet delay through the Chinese coastal GNSS network. In the last section, we summarize the problems obtained from the present research and provide suggestions for calibrating and correcting the domestic satellite altimeter data. This section is relevant because, in the near future, the surface water and ocean topography (popularly known as SWOT) and the Chinese “Guan Lan” and HY-3C missions, which adopt the new altimetry concept by using the sensors of the synthetic aperture radar interferometer, and which can provide 2D oceanic topography, will likely bring new challenges to present-day altimetry calibration technologies. The paper ends with a brief discussion on the anticipated new challenges on altimeter calibration. This work will bring remarkable contribution to the understanding of the present situation, considering that the paper focuses on the development trend of satellite altimeter calibration.

مفهوم

satellite altimeter;microwave radiometer;calibration;HY-2;Qianliyan;review

References

  1. 1.
    Ablain M, Philipps S, Picot N and Bronner E. 2010. Jason-2 global statistical assessment and cross-calibration with Jason-1. Marine Geodesy, 33(S1): 162–185
  2. 2.
    Bonnefond P, Exertier P, Laurain O and Jan G. 2010. Absolute calibration of Jason-1 and Jason-2 altimeters in corsica during the formation flight phase. Marine Geodesy, 33(S1): 80–90
  3. 3.
    Born G H, Parke M E, Axelrad P, Gold K L, Johnson J, Key K W, Kubitschek D G and Christensen E J. 1994. Calibration of the TOPEX altimeter using a GPS buoy. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 99(C12): 24517–24526
  4. 4.
    Brown S, Desai S, Keihm S and Lu W W. 2009. Microwave radiometer calibration on decadal time scales using on-earth brightness temperature references: application to the topex microwave radiometer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26(12): 2579–2591
  5. 5.
    Brown S, Ruf C, Keihm S and Kitiyakara A. 2004. Jason microwave radiometer performance and on-orbit calibration. Marine Geodesy, 27(1/2): 199–220
  6. 6.
    Chambers D P, Ries J C, Shum C K and Tapley B D. 1998. On the use of tide gauges to determine altimeter drift. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103(C6): 12885–12890
  7. 7.
    Chen N, Han G Q, Yang J S and Chen D K. 2014. Hurricane sandy storm surges observed by HY-2A satellite altimetry and tide gauges. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119(7): 4542–4548
  8. 8.
    Cheng Y C and Andersen O B. 2014. HY-2A satellite altimetric data evaluation in the Arctic ocean//Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Quebec City, QC, Canada: IEEE [DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2014.6947661]
  9. 9.
    Christensen E J, Haines B J, Keihm S J, Morris C S, Norman R A, Purcell G H, Williams B G, Wilson B D, Born G H, Parke M E, Gill S K, Shum C K, Tapley B D, Kolenkiewicz R and Nerem R S. 1994. Calibration of TOPEX/POSEIDON at platform harvest. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 99(C12): 24465–24485
  10. 10.
    Denys P, Birks A, Cross P, Powell J and Bürki B. 1995. Transponder altimetry: precise height measurements over land. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 100(B12): 24347–24359
  11. 11.
    Desai S D and Haines B J. 2004. Monitoring measurements from the Jason-1 microwave radiometer and independent validation with GPS. Marine Geodesy, 27(1/2): 221–240
  12. 12.
    Dibarboure G, Labroue S, Ablain M, Fjortoft R, Mallet A, Lambin J and Souyris J C. 2012. Empirical cross-calibration of coherent SWOT errors using external references and the altimetry constellation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 50(6): 2325–2344
  13. 13.
    Fu L L and Cazenave A. 2001. Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences: A Handbook of Techniques and Applications. California: Academic Press.
  14. 14.
    Fu L L and Haines B J. 2013. The challenges in long-term altimetry calibration for addressing the problem of global sea level change. Advances in Space Research, 51(8): 1284–1300
  15. 15.
    Guo W, Zhang J R and Zhang S W. 1999. Design of a spaceborne radar altimeter system with it’s height precision analysis. Journal of Remote Sensing, 3(1): 23–30 (
  16. 16.
    Haines B J, Desai S D and Born G H. 2010. The harvest experiment: calibration of the climate data record from TOPEX/poseidon, Jason-1 and the ocean surface topography mission. Marine Geodesy, 33(S1): 91–113
  17. 17.
    Haines B J, Dong D N, Born G H and Gill S K. 2003. The harvest experiment: monitoring Jason-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON from a california offshore platform special issue: Jason-1 calibration/validation. Marine Geodesy, 26(3/4): 239–259
  18. 18.
    Hausleitner W, Moser F, Desjonqueres J D, Boy F, Picot N, Weingrill J, Mertikas S and Daskalakis A. 2012. A new method of precise Jason-2 altimeter calibration using a microwave transponder. Marine Geodesy, 35(S1): 337–362
  19. 19.
    Jiang X W, Wang X H, Peng H L and Lin M S. 2013. The technology of precise orbit determination for HY-2A satellite. Engineering Science, 15(7): 19–24, 43 (
  20. 20.
    Keihm S J, Zlotnicki V and Ruf C S. 2000. TOPEX microwave radiometer performance evaluation, 1992-1998. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38(3): 1379–1386
  21. 21.
    Lillibridge J, Lin M and Shum C K. 2013. Hurricane sandy storm surge measured by satellite altimetry. Oceanography, 26(2): 8–9
  22. 22.
    Martin C F and Kolenkiewicz R. 1981. Calibration validation for the GEOS 3 altimeter. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 86(B7): 6369–6381
  23. 23.
    Mertikas S P, Ioannides R T, Tziavos I N, Vergos G S, Hausleitner W, Frantzis X, Tripolitsiotis A, Partsinevelos P and Andrikopoulos D. 2010. Statistical models and latest results in the determination of the absolute bias for the radar altimeters of Jason satellites using the Gavdos facility. Marine Geodesy, 33(S1): 114–149
  24. 24.
    Mitchum G T. 2000. An improved calibration of satellite altimetric heights using tide gauge sea levels with adjustment for land motion. Marine Geodesy, 23(3): 145–166
  25. 25.
    Nerem R S, Haines B J, Hendricks J, Minster J F, Mitchum G T and White W B. 1997. Improved determination of global mean sea level variations using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data. Geophysical Research Letters, 24(11): 1331–1334
  26. 26.
    Peng H L. 2015. Research on Key Technology of HY-2A Satellite Radar Calibration. Qingdao: Ocean University of China
  27. 27.
    Pesec P, Sunkel H and Fachbach N. 1996. Transponders for altimeter calibration and height transfer. Osterreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessung & Geoinformation, 84(3): 252–256
  28. 28.
    Ray R D, Beckley B D and Lemoine F G. 2010. Vertical crustal motion derived from satellite altimetry and tide gauges, and comparisons with DORIS measurements. Advances in Space Research, 45(12): 1510–1522
  29. 29.
    Sibthorpe A, Brown S, Desai S D and Haines B J. 2011. Calibration and validation of the Jason-2/OSTM advanced microwave radiometer using terrestrial GPS stations. Marine Geodesy, 34(3/4): 420–430
  30. 30.
    Tapley B D, Born G H, Hagar H H, Lorell J, Parke M E, Diamante J M, Douglas B C, Goad C C, Kolenkiewicz R, Marsh J G, Martin C F, Smith III S L, Townsend W F, Whitehead J A, Byrne H M, Fedor L S, Hammond D C and Mognard N M. 1979. Seasat altimeter calibration: initial results. Science, 204(4400): 1410–1412
  31. 31.
    Wan J Z, Guo W, Zhao F, Wang C Y and Liu P. 2015. HY-2A radar altimeter ultrastable oscillator drift estimation using reconstructive transponder with its validation by multimission cross calibration. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 53(9): 5229–5236
  32. 32.
    Wang C Y, Guo W, Zhao F, Wan J Z, Liu P, Lin M S, Peng H L and Xu C. 2016. Development of the reconstructive transponder for in-orbit calibration of HY-2A altimeter. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 9(6): 2709–2719
  33. 33.
    Wang Z Y, Zhou X H, Lu Y D, Zhou D X and Zhang H Y. 2016. Accuracy analysis on precipitable water vapor derived from Chinese coastal GPS measurement. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 36(12): 1060–1063 (
  34. 34.
    Wang Z Z and Li Y. 2004. Calibration and validation of microwave radiometer (RAD) on-aboard SZ-4 Spacecraft Part: I RAD external calibration. Journal of Remote Sensing, 8(5): 397–403 (
  35. 35.
    Wang Z Z, Zhang D H, Zhao J and Li Y. 2013. In-orbit calibration and validation of atmospheric correction microwave radiometer on HY-2A satellite. Engineering Science, 15(7): 44–52, 61 (
  36. 36.
    Watson C, Coleman R, White N, Church J and Govind R. 2003. Absolute calibration of TOPEX/poseidon and Jason-1 using GPS buoys in bass strait, australia special issue: Jason-1 calibration/validation. Marine Geodesy, 26(3/4): 285–304
  37. 37.
    Xu G J, Yang J S, Xu Y, Pan Y F and Chen X Y. 2013. The data fusion of the significant wave height measured with“HY-2”satellite altimeter. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 35(4): 208–213 (
  38. 38.
    Xu K and Liu H G. 2007. SZ-4 radar altimeter and its measurement results on orbit. Journal of Remote Sensing, 11(4): 439–445 (
  39. 39.
    Xu K, Liu H G and Jiang J S. 2013. HY-2A radar altimeter design and in flight results. Engineering Science, 15(7): 25–32 (
  40. 40.
    Yang L, Chang X T, Guo J Y, Ke B G, Huang K X and Liu X H. 2013. Research on distribution characteristics of polar sea ice by ENVISAT altimetry backscatter coefficient. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 42(5): 676–681 (
  41. 41.
    Yang L, Zhou X H, Lin M S, Lei N, Mu B and Zhu L. 2016. Global statistical assessment of HY-2A altimeter IGDR data. Progress in Geophysics, 31(2): 629–636 (
  42. 42.
    Yang L, Zhou X H, Mertikas S P, Zhu L, Yang L and Lei N. 2017. First calibration results of Jason-2 and SARAL/altika satellite altimeters from the Qianli Yan permanent cal/val facilities, China. Advances in Space Research, 59(12): 2831–2842
  43. 43.
    Yang L, Zhou X H, Peng H L, Lei N, Zhang H Y and Zhu L. 2014. Global assessment and cross-calibration of saral/altika based on Jason-2 altimeter. Advances in Marine Science, 32(4): 482–490 (
  44. 44.
    Yang L, Zhou X H, Wang Z Y, Liang G H, Tang Q H, Zhou D X, Lei N, Yang L and Mu B. 2017. Absolute calibration of sea surface height for HY-2A satellite altimeter by GNSS buoy and tide gauge data. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 39(1): 111–120 (
  45. 45.
    Zhai W L, Chen C T and Yan L H. 2012. The technology progress in the calibration of satellite altimeter using GPS-buoys. Hydrographic Surveying and Charting, 32(6): 40–43 (
  46. 46.
    Zhai W L, Chen C T, Yan L H and Zhu J H. 2014. Study on the technology of in-situ calibration and validation of satellite altimeter. Journal of Ocean Technology, 33(6): 13–19 (
  47. 47.
    Zhang C S, Liu J N, Ye X R and Chen B. 2009. Retrieval of water vapor along the GPS slant path based on double- differenced residuals. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 34(1): 100–104 (
  48. 48.
    Zhang J, Liu H G, Lin M S, Zhang Z H and Chen P. 2015. Research progress of novel marine microwave remote sensor technologies. Journal of Ocean Technology, 34(3): 1–7 (
  49. 49.
    Zhen G. 1993. Simulations of satellite-borne altimeter tracking system with transponder in calibration test. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 14(2): 365–382
  50. 50.
    Zhou D X, Zhou X H, Liang G H, Wang Z Y and Yang L. 2015. Research on dynamic calibration method of GPS buoy antenna heights. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 40(12): 121–124 (
  51. 51.
    Zhou X H, Yang L, Lin M S, Lei N, Tang Q H and Mu B. 2015. Absolute calibration of HY-2, Jason-2 and Saral/AltiKa from China in-situ calibration site: Qian Li Yan//Proceedings of 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Milan, Italy: IEEE [DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326616]

قراءة النص الكامل

The above content is generated by Large Model Translation. The translated content is for reference only. We do not assume any commercial or legal responsibilty for any consequences arising from the use of our website