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Multiscale aircraft detection in optical remote sensing imagery based on advanced Faster R-CNN

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing 100049, China

  • Email：shamm2017@radi.ac.cn
  • Introduction：沙苗苗，研究方向为遥感图像处理、目标检测。E-mail： shamm2017@radi.ac.cn
SHA Miaomiao12,  
  • role： Corresponding author通信作者
  • Affiliation：

    Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

  • Email：liyu@radi.ac.cn
  • Introduction：李宇，研究方向为遥感图像处理。E-mail：liyu@radi.ac.cn
LI Yu1*,  
  • Affiliation：

    Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

LI An1

Resümee

Aircraft detection from optical imagery is a significant application in remote sensing. Traditional methods based on corner points or shape of the aircraft can only generate shallow features with limited representative ability. These methods are insufficient for detecting aircraft in remote sensing imagery under complex and diverse circumstances. Current methods based on CNNs, especially Faster R-CNN, have improved the detection performance greatly with its magnificent feature extraction ability. However, detecting aircraft on a single-scale feature map is unsuitable for multiscale aircraft in remote sensing imagery. After several pooling operations on a single-scale feature map, the feature map loses its precise details and small target that corresponds to a smaller area in the feature map. Thus, aircraft detection may result in low target positioning accuracy and target missing.An advanced Faster R-CNN is presented by constructing a multiscale feature extraction network using multistage fusion structure to detect aircraft with multiple scales. The promoted network produces features of higher resolution by upsampling deep feature maps. These features are then enhanced with shallow features at the same scale. After this modification, we end up with four feature maps F2, F3, F4, and F5, which have different scales. The structure combines the high-level semantic information with the low-level detailed information. Thus, the generated multiscale feature maps have high positioning accuracy and good distinguishability. In addition, because the original RPN anchors are extremely large to cover the range of aircraft sizes in remote sensing imagery, we select suitable RPN anchor parameters for aircraft detection, i.e., anchor size of 322 for the larger-scale feature map F2, 642 for the large-scale F3, 1282 is set for the F4, and 2562 for the small-scale F5. With these settings, the RPN can generate proposals, which can cover the aircraft of multiple scales. Finally, these proposals are assigned to their corresponding feature map, and we use the classification and regression network to obtain our final detection results.The experiment was carried out on RSOD dataset, in which only the aircraft dataset was used for training, validation, and testing. Comparison of detection performance with different anchor scales showed that anchor scales greatly affect detection accuracy, and our selection of anchor scales is suitable for the dataset. Three feature extraction networks (ZF, VGG-16, and ResNet-50) were modified based on Faster R-CNN using multistage fusion structure. The experiment showed that the modification can effectively improve the model’s ability of detecting multiscale aircraft. Compared with models without the modification, AP increased by 11.34%, 9.87%, and 1.66% for the three networks. The qualitative and quantitative results also showed that this modification can generate adaptive detection box. The experiment results on Beijing Capital International Airport GF-2 imagery showed that this method performs well in different remote sensing imagery, in which most airplanes in the airport were detected successfully.We can draw the following conclusions: (1) the proposed method is suitable for multiscale aircraft detection, and it can generate detection box consistent with the scale of multiscale aircraft targets while reducing missing targets; (2) correction of the RPN candidate region scale improves the accuracy of aircraft detection in remote sensing imagery; (3) the method has good generalization ability.

Schlüsselwort

remote sensing image;object detection;Faster R-CNN;multiple stages fusion structure;multi-scale

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