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Monitoring ice phenology variations in Khanka Lake based on passive remote sensing data from 1979 to 2019

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

  • Email：kecq@nju.edu.cn
  • Introduction：柯长青，1969生，男，教授，研究方向为冰雪水文遥感。E-mail： kecq@nju.edu.cn
KE Changqing,  
  • Affiliation：

    School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

CAI Yu,  
  • Affiliation：

    School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

XIAO Yao

Resümee

Seasonal freeze—thaw of lake ice is an important indicator of climate change. As a boundary lake between China and Russia, Khanka Lake has annual ice cover due to its low air temperature. Changes in ice phenology greatly affect the physical, chemical, and biological lake processes. Therefore, this study aims to obtain the ice phenology variations of Khanka Lake and analyze its influencing factors from 1979 to 2019.An algorithm based on moving t test method is applied to determine the daily status of passive microwave calibrated enhanced resolution passive microwave (CETB) pixels, and then the ice phenology dates can be obtained by the thresholds of 5% and 95% of all the pixels. Subsequently, ice phenology results extracted from moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily snow product are used to compare with the results from passive microwave data. In addition, the meteorological data from Jixi station are used to analyze the reason for ice phenology variations of Khanka Lake.The results show that the passive microwave and MODIS remote sensing data have good consistency in the extraction of lake ice phenology. On the average, lake ice begins to freeze on November 13 and completely freezes on November 23 every year, and the freezing duration of lake ice is 9.80 days. On April 23 of the following year, the lake ice begins to melt, and on April 30, the lake ice completely melted, lasting for 8.03 days. The complete freezing duration of lake ice is 150.50 days, and the ice cover duration is 168.03 days. In more than 41 years, the freeze-up start date has no evident change, but the freeze-up end date has been pushed back at 0.19 day/year. In addition, the break-up start date and break-up end date have advanced at 0.16 day/year and 0.13 day/year, respectively. The complete freezing duration and ice cover duration have shortened by 12.71 days and 2.87 days, respectively. The delay of freeze-up dates is closely correlated with wind speed up, whereas the advancement of break-up dates and shortening of the complete freezing duration and ice cover duration are significantly correlated with the increasing air temperature.The consistency between ice phenology results from CETB dataset and MODIS daily snow product indicates that the extracting lake ice phenology from passive microwave brightness temperature with low frequency is feasible, and the results are reliable. Khanka Lake has experienced subsequent freeze-up end date and earlier break-up dates from 1979 to 2019, thereby shortening the complete freezing duration and ice cover duration. The increasing wind speed may be the main reason for the subsequent freeze-up dates, while the variations in break-up dates and ice cover durations can be explained by the increasing air temperature.

Schlüsselwort

lake remote sensing;Lake ice phenology;passive remote sensing;MODIS;climate change;Khanka Lake

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