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Heihe remote sensing experiments： Retrospect and prospect

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (TPDC), State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

  • Email：xinli@itpcas.ac.cn
  • Introduction：李新，研究方向为陆面数据同化、水文和冰冻圈遥感及流域集成研究。E-mail： xinli@itpcas.ac.cn
LI Xin1,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

LIU Shaomin2,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

LIU Qinhuo3,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

XIAO Qing3,  
  • Affiliation：

    Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

CHE Tao4,  
  • Affiliation：

    Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

MA Mingguo5,  
  • Affiliation：

    Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

JIN Rui4,  
  • Affiliation：

    Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

RAN Youhua4,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

WEN Jianguang3,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

XU Ziwei2,  
  • Affiliation：

    Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China

LI Zengyuan6

Resümee

Earth observation systems are one of the cornerstones of Earth system science, and some milestone observational experiments have contributed greatly to the maturation of Earth system science and its research methodology. Among these observational experiments, remote sensing experiments have always played a key role. The Heihe remote sensing experiment is a large-scale and multidisciplinary satellite-airborne-ground integrated remote sensing experiment conducted from 2007 to 2017 in the Heihe River Basin, a typical inland river basin in China. The main scientific objectives are to observe the ecohydrological processes in the mountainous cryosphere, artificial oasis, and natural oasis in the Heihe River Basin. It was implemented in two stages: the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (WATER) and the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER). More than 670 researchers participated in the Heihe remote sensing experiment, and more than 650 experimental datasets have been shared open and free. Characterized by capturing heterogeneities of complex land surfaces of the entire river basin, the Heihe remote sensing experiment has made breakthroughs in developing innovative multiscale observation methods, improving quantitative remote sensing models, and enhancing the applicability of remote sensing in ecohydrological studies. Overall, these progresses have led to a deeper harmonization of quantitative remote sensing and integrated ecohydrological research.This paper reviews Heihe remote sensing experiments and prospects for the future development of experimental remote sensing. Aiming to address the scientific challenges of developing scaling methods, measuring heterogeneity, and quantifying uncertainties, we have made the following advances in Heihe remote sensing experiments. (1) Innovative observation methods such as integrated satellite-airborne-ground observation, nested multiscale point-footprint-watershed-basin observation, wireless sensor network observation, and flux matrix observation methods have been invented or refined into maturation. (2) A variety of multisource remote sensing cooperative inversion methods, e.g. different spatial resolutions, polar and geostationary orbits, and active and passive sensors, have been developed. In particular, radiative transfer models for heterogeneous land surfaces have been established and validated. (3) Systematic advances in remote sensing data product validation technology, including optimal sampling, and upscaling of in situ observations to pixel-scale truth, have been achieved and verified. (4) More than 10 types of high-resolution ecohydrological remote sensing data products over heterogeneous land surfaces, such as precipitation, snow cover, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and net primary productivity, have been produced at the river basin scale. Moreover, based on our integrated ecohydrological models, the hydrological cycles at different scales were closed, the oasis-desert interaction mechanism was revealed, and a diagnostic equation to close the energy balance of the eddy covariance system was proposed.Currently, the integrated observation system of the Heihe River basin is operating by taking the heritage of the Heihe remote sensing experiment. The Heihe River basin observation system will continue to support the development of new theories and methods of Earth observation technologies and serve the exploration and practice of watershed science and regional sustainable development.

Schlüsselwort

Heihe river basin;remote sensing experiment;watershed observing system;multi-scale observation;airborne remote sensing;quantitative remote sensing;scale transformation;remote sensing products;validation of remote sensing products;watershed science;ecohydrology

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