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Remote sensing of oceanic eddies： Progresses and challenges

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

    National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

  • Email：gechen@ouc.edu.cn
  • Introduction：陈戈,1965年生, 男, 教授,研究方向为海洋遥感与大数据海洋学。E-mail: gechen@ouc.edu.cn
CHEN Ge12,  
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

    National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

YANG Jie12,  
  • role： Corresponding author通信作者
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

    National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

  • Email：tianfenglin@ouc.edu.cn
  • Introduction：田丰林,1978年生, 男,副教授, 研究方向为海洋信息可视化与海洋遥感。E-mail: tianfenglin@ouc.edu.cn
TIAN Fenglin12*,  
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

    National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

CHEN Shuguo12,  
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

    National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

ZHAO Chaofang12,  
  • Affiliation：

    National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

TANG Junwu2,  
  • Affiliation：

    TheInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China

LIU Yingjie3,  
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

WANG Yinuo1,  
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

YUAN Zhonghao1,  
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

HE Qiu1,  
  • Affiliation：

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

CAO Chuanchuan1

résumé

Oceanic eddies are known for their massive quantity, broad distribution, high energy, and strong entrainment, and are therefore an ideal proxy for studying substance cycling, energy cascade, and multi-sphere coupling in the ocean. Tracking of mesoscale eddies for their entire lifetimes is one of the most significant advances in ocean remote sensing during the first two decades of the 21st century, leading to a new wave of active eddy research. The principles and methodologies for remote sensing of oceanic eddies by infrared radiometer, optical scanner, microwave altimeter, and synthetic aperture radar based on their temperature anomaly, substance tracer, swirling flow, and enclosed topology are briefly described. In particular, the algorithms for eddy identification and tracking, as well as their applications to eddy morphology, kinematics, and dynamics are highlighted. Firstly, the eddy identification methods based on infrared remote sensing technology are described multistage. From the early stage of visual decipherment relying on human eye recognition to automatic interpretation stage represented by edge detection algorithms, feature extraction algorithms and isotherm algorithms, then to the intelligent analysis stage based on artificial intelligence technology. It is pointed out the important leading role infrared remote sensing plays, as the first remote sensing technology applied to ocean eddy detection. Secondly, based on the development stage of ocean color satellite, this paper divides it into early exploration stage and extensive application stage, and carries out a enumeration from the perspective of time, space and ecology to illustrate the irreplaceable advantages of ocean color remote sensing in the study of ocean eddies. Thirdly, the eddy identification algorithms of satellite altimeter, such as the OW(Okubo-Weiss) based method, the winding angle methods, the flow direction based methods, sea surface height based methods and the Lagrange-coherent-structures methods, and the tracking algorithm represented by the nearest neighbor methods, the similarity methods and the pixel connectivity methods are described; and the application of satellite altimeter in eddy morphology, kinematics and dynamics is supplemented. By comparing the results of different identification and tracking algorithms, their respective characteristics and diversities are described. It is pointed out that the satellite altimeter technology is widely used in eddy research, and the applications of satellite altimeter in eddy morphology, kinematics and dynamics are described systematically. Meanwhile, the role of Synthetic Aperture Radar in the study of ocean eddy is no negligible, its common tracer observation, flow field retrieval and intelligent mining methods are also mentioned in this paper. Theapplication in recent years show that it has more advantages in small scale detectionand expose the structure detail of eddies. In addition, eddy-related research frontiers and corresponding latest advances involving multiple disciplines of the oceanic, atmospheric, and ecological sciences are outlined from a virtual satellite constellation perspective, especially the important influence of eddies on primary and secondary productivity. Finally, three major challenges in eddy remote sensing, i.e., submesoscale resolving, vertical profiling, and interdisciplinary investigation, are addressed with an outlook of applying next generation remote sensing technology to future marine science and eddy oceanography.

mots-clés

eddy remote sensing;altimeter;radiometer;ocean color scanner;synthetic aperture radar;eddy oceanography;interdisciplinary research;new generation ocean satellite

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