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Archaeological site predictive models based on DEM and multi-spectral remote sensing data on the pre-Qin sites in the Loess Plateau of East Gansu Province

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

  • Email：haizhang@pku.edu.cn
  • Introduction：张海，1979年生，男，副教授，研究方向为GIS空间分析。E-mail：haizhang@pku.edu.cn
ZHANG Hai1,  
  • Affiliation：

    School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

XU Yijing1,  
  • Affiliation：

    Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China

ZHOU Jing2

résumé

This paper aims to explore a new method on the traditional archaeological Site Predictive Model (SPM) by integrating Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing (MSRS) resources. The application on the case study from the Loess Plateau of east Gansu Province shows great prospect of the combination of SPM and MSRS on the regional archaeological studies and cultural resource managements.The SPM is a useful statistic model in archaeological research and cultural heritage management practices. Previous archaeological applications of the SPMs relied heavily on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) while overlooked the MSRS. This research attempts to integrate the MSRS, mainly the Landsat 8 OLI data, into the SPMs to increase the model’s predicting efficiency and to acquire high-quality predictive models, which can be used to evaluate the ancient land use degree in statistics.This research compares three SPMs that were based on the DEM-derived terrain factors, the factors from MSRS, and the mixed factors. The terrain factors include the following. First, the landform indices, such as slope, aspect, curvature, texture, and convexity. Second, the hydrological indices, such as channel network base level, valley depth, and vertical distance to rivers. Third, the topographic position indices, such as relative slope, topographic openness, and wind exposition. The MSRS factors are derived by the reduction of the PCA method on Landsat 8 OLI’s band 1—7. The mixed factors are the combination of terrain and MSRS factors totally. Archaeological data dated to the pre-Qin period from the systematic archaeological survey in east Gansu Province are incorporated into the three SPMs by using the Logistic Regression provided by Kvamme (1983) and AIC gradient optimization. Three assessment indices, including Goodness-of-Fit R2, AIC and, G value are calculated to test the three models on their predictive effects. Two spatial analysis methods, including cross raster statistics and cross PCF on sites vs. models are incorporated to evaluate the models on their spatial structures.The comparison of the three models indicates that the MSRS can significantly improve the validity of the modular prediction with the greater R2 (model1=0.265, model2=0.312, model3=0.414), G value (model1=0.51, model2=0.61, model3=0.64) and smaller AIC (model1=444.6, model2=420.0, model3=379.1). Meanwhile, models that combined MSRS data can achieve a better spatial structure than the DEM. Further analysis based on the mixed SPM (model3) indicates that the total land-use areas in the eastern part of the Loess Plateau increased from less than 10% during the Yangshao period to up to 43.1% during the Longshan period. The latter laid a solid foundation for the development of social complexity in the Pre-Qin period. The analysis on the MSRS-based model also reveals that the combination of bands 5-2-1 in OLI can provide more information on ancient sites.The land-use of Loess Plateau in east Gansu Province has demonstrated strong continuity since the prehistoric period. Thus, the modern multi-spectral remote sensing data can be well utilized into traditional archaeological site predictive model not least to improve its spatial structure and raise the model’s efficiency. Landsat 8 OLI can provide effective multi-spectral data for site identification and land-use classification. The band 5 of OLI potentially contains information on archaeological sites, which must be studied further.

mots-clés

remote sensing;Loess Plateau in East Gansu Province;Archaeological Site Predictive Model;Landsat 8 OLI;Land-use in Pre-Qin period

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