предыдущий|следующий

Estimation of oceanic whitecaps using high spatial-resolution optical remote sensing

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

  • Email：Zhaobi1929@163.com
  • Introduction：赵碧，研究方向为海洋环境遥感。E-mail： Zhaobi1929@163.com
ZHAO Bi1,  
  • Affiliation：

    National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China

    Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Applications, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China

DING Jing23,  
  • Affiliation：

    National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China

    Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Applications, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China

LIU Jianqiang23,  
  • Affiliation：

    International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

JIAO Junnan1,  
  • Affiliation：

    International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

TANG Jun1,  
  • role： Corresponding author通信作者
  • Affiliation：

    International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

  • Email：Luyc@nju.edu.cn
  • Introduction：陆应诚，研究方向为海洋遥感研究。E-mail： Luyc@nju.edu.cn
LU Yingcheng1*

реферат

Oceanic whitecaps, generated from wind-wave breaking process, are the medium of air-sea exchange and the indicator of sea surface state. Due to the intense reflection and scattering of incident light, whitecaps can be effectively recognized and distinguished in in-situ photos or videos. Whitecap coverage (W), defined as the proportion of ocean surface covered by whitecaps, is an important parameter for the quantification of whitecaps. Of course, oceanic whitecaps can also be discriminated in high spatial resolution optical remote sensing images, such as Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI data. This can provide a new research direction in marine environment observation, and may be further used for wind speed monitoring. However, how to estimate oceanic whitecap coverage from these optical remote sensing images is still a challenge. In this study, the formula of whitecap coverage is obtained by converting the form of radiative equation related with the constant and image reflectance of Sentinel-2 MSI data under some assumptions. The background signal of seawater and atmosphere was eliminated by data optimization, and the signal of whitecaps can be distinguished using regional filtering method. Then, whitecap coverage can be estimated. The identification and estimation results indicate that whitecap coverage derived from Sentinel-2 MSI images are consistent with previous studies using in situ observations in the order of magnitude, and can invert sea surface wind speed using a statistical model. Coarse spatial resolution wind speed images converted from MSI inversion were validated by ERA5 wind speed products from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In addition, whitecap coverage can imply the modulation of other marine environmental dynamic factors (e.g., water mass, ocean fronts, ocean eddies and internal waves). Moreover, it should be noted that sunglint reflection is a non-negligible issue for optical remote sensing of oceanic whitecaps whose signal should be effectively eliminated. Examining the MSI-derived results to HY1-C/D CZI, it indicates that whitecaps can be identified in CZI images when wind speed is greater than 9 m/s, and the reflectance difference between whitecaps and background seawater is 5.8%—8.3%. We hope the above results can be used to improve the accuracy of atmospheric correction, and provide new reference for using high spatial resolution optical remote sensing in sea surface wind speed estimation and marine environmental dynamic factors monitoring. This will hopefully expand the research and application fields of ocean color remote sensing.

ключеви́че слова́

optical remote sensing;oceanic whitecaps;sunglint;HY-1C/D;Sentinel-2;MSI;CZI

References

  1. 1.
    Anguelova M D and Bettenhausen M H. 2019. Whitecap fraction from satellite measurements: Algorithm description[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124(3): 1827-1857
  2. 2.
    Anguelova M D and Webster F. 2006. Whitecap coverage from satellite measurements: A first step toward modeling the variability of oceanic whitecaps[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 111(C3) [DOI: 10.1029/2005JC003158]
  3. 3.
    Asher W E and Wanninkhof R. 1998. The effect of bubble-mediated gas transfer on purposeful dual-gaseous tracer experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103(C5): 10555-10560
  4. 4.
    Blanchard D C. 1983. The production, distribution, and bacterial enrichment of the sea-salt aerosol//Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles. Dordrecht: Springer: 407-454
  5. 5.
    Callaghan A H, Deane G B and Stokes M D. 2008a. Observed physical and environmental causes of scatter in whitecap coverage values in a fetch-limited coastal zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113(C5): C05022
  6. 6.
    Callaghan A, de Leeuw G, Cohen L and O'Dowd C D. 2008b. Relationship of oceanic whitecap coverage to wind speed and wind history. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(23): L23609
  7. 7.
    Cox C and Munk W. 1954. Measurement of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun’s glitter. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 44(11): 838-850
  8. 8.
    Frouin R, Iacobellis S F and Deschamps P Y. 2001. Influence of oceanic whitecaps on the global radiation budget. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(8): 1523-1526
  9. 9.
    Frouin R, Schwindling M and Deschamps P Y. 1996. Spectral reflectance of sea foam in the visible and near-infrared: in situ measurements and remote sensing implications. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 101(C6): 14361-14371
  10. 10.
    Garaba S P and Dierssen H M. 2018. An airborne remote sensing case study of synthetic hydrocarbon detection using short wave infrared absorption features identified from marine-harvested macro- and microplastics. Remote Sensing of Environment, 205: 224-235
  11. 11.
    Goddijn-Murphy L, Woolf D K and Callaghan A H. 2011. Parameterizations and algorithms for oceanic whitecap coverage. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 41(4): 742-756
  12. 12.
    Goddijn-Murphy L, Woolf D K, Callaghan A H, Nightingale P D and Shutler J D. 2016. A reconciliation of empirical and mechanistic models of the air-sea gas transfer velocity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(1): 818-835
  13. 13.
    Gordon H R and Wang M H. 1994. Influence of oceanic whitecaps on atmospheric correction of ocean-color sensors. Applied Optics, 33(33): 7754-7763
  14. 14.
    Harmel T, Chami M, Tormos T, Reynaud N and Danis P A. 2018. Sunglint correction of the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI)-SENTINEL-2 imagery over inland and sea waters from SWIR bands[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 204: 308-321
  15. 15.
    Hanson J L and Phillips O M. 1999. Wind sea growth and dissipation in the open ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29(8): 1633-1648
  16. 16.
    Hu C M, Carder K L and Muller-Karger F E. 2000. Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery over turbid coastal waters: a practical method. Remote Sensing of Environment, 74(2): 195-206
  17. 17.
    Hu C M, Li X F, Pichel W G and Muller-Karger F E. 2009. Detection of natural oil slicks in the NW Gulf of Mexico using MODIS imagery. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(1): L01604
  18. 18.
    Jackson C R and Alpers W. 2010. The role of the critical angle in brightness reversals on sunglint images of the sea surface[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 115(C9) [DOI: 10.1029/2009JC006037]
  19. 19.
    Jia N and Zhao D L. 2019. The influence of wind speed and sea states on whitecap coverage. Journal of Ocean University of China, 18(2): 282-292
  20. 20.
    Kay S, Hedley J D and Lavender S. 2009. Sun glint correction of high and low spatial resolution images of aquatic scenes: A review of methods for visible and near-infrared wavelengths[J]. Remote sensing, 1(4): 697-730
  21. 21.
    Kneizys F X, Shettle E P and Gallery W O. 1981. Atmospheric transmittance and radiance: the LOWTRAN 5 code//Proceedings Volume 0277, Atmospheric Transmission. Washington, D.C.: SPIE 277: 116-124
  22. 22.
    Koepke P. 1984. Effective reflectance of oceanic whitecaps. Applied Optics, 23(11): 1816-1824
  23. 23.
    Kokhanovsky A A. 2004. Spectral reflectance of whitecaps. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C5): C05021
  24. 24.
    Kubryakov A A, Kudryavtsev V N and Stanichny S V. 2021. Application of Landsat imagery for the investigation of wave breaking. Remote Sensing of Environment, 253: 112144
  25. 25.
    Lafon C, Piazzola J, Forget P, Le Calve O and Despiau S. 2004. Analysis of the variations of the whitecap fraction as measured in a coastal zone. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 111(2): 339-360
  26. 26.
    Lu Y C, Sun S J, Zhang M W, Murch B and Hu C M. 2016. Refinement of the critical angle calculation for the contrast reversal of oil slicks under sunglint. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(1): 148-161
  27. 27.
    Melville W K. 1996. The role of surface-wave breaking in air-sea interaction. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 28(1): 279-321
  28. 28.
    Monahan E C, Fairall C W, Davidson K L and Boyle P J. 1983. Observed inter-relations between 10 m winds, ocean whitecaps and marine aerosols. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 109(460): 379-392
  29. 29.
    Monahan E C and Muircheartaigh I. 1980. Optimal power-law description of oceanic whitecap coverage dependence on wind speed. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10(12): 2094-2099
  30. 30.
    Monahan E C and Zietlow C R. 1969. Laboratory comparisons of fresh-water and salt-water whitecaps. Journal of Geophysical Research, 74(28): 6961-6966
  31. 31.
    Moore K D, Voss K J and Gordon H R. 2000. Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: their contribution to water-leaving radiance. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105(C3): 6493-6499
  32. 32.
    Myrhaug D and Holmedal L E. 2008. Effects of wave age and air stability on whitecap coverage. Coastal Engineering, 55(12): 959-966
  33. 33.
    Nicolas J M, Deschamps P Y and Frouin R. 2001. Spectral reflectance of oceanic whitecaps in the visible and near infrared: aircraft measurements over open ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(23): 4445-4448
  34. 34.
    Paget A C, Bourassa M A and Anguelova M D. 2015. Comparing in situ and satellite-based parameterizations of oceanic whitecaps. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120(4): 2826-2843
  35. 35.
    Phillips O M. 1985. Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium range in wind-generated gravity waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 156: 505-531
  36. 36.
    Pivaev P D, Kudryavtsev V N, Korinenko A E and Malinovsky V V. 2021. Field observations of breaking of dominant surface waves. Remote Sensing, 13(16): 3321
  37. 37.
    Raizer V Y, Novikov V M and Bocharova T Y. 1994. The geometrical and fractal properties of visible radiances associated with breaking waves in the ocean. Annales Geophysicae, 12(12): 1229-1233
  38. 38.
    Romero L. 2019. Distribution of surface wave breaking fronts. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(17/18): 10463-10474
  39. 39.
    Salisbury D J, Anguelova M D and Brooks I M. 2014. Global distribution and seasonal dependence of satellite-based whitecap fraction. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(5): 1616-1623
  40. 40.
    Shen Y F, Liu J Q, Ding J, Jiao J N, Sun S J and Lu Y C. 2020. HY-1C COCTS and CZI observation of marine oil spills in the South China Sea. Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(8): 933-944
  41. 41.
    Thorpe S A, Belloul M B and Hall A J. 1987. Internal waves and whitecaps. Nature, 330(6150): 740-742
  42. 42.
    Wen Y S, Wang M Q, Lu Y C, Sun S J, Zhang M W, Mao Z H, Shi J and Liu Y X. 2018. An alternative approach to determine critical angle of contrast reversal and surface roughness of oil slicks under sunglint. International Journal of Digital Earth, 11(9): 972-979
  43. 43.
    Wu X Y, Lu Y C, Jiao J N, Ding J, Fu W X and Qian W X. 2022. Using sea wave simulations to interpret the sunglint reflection variation with different spatial resolutions. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 19: 1501304
  44. 44.
    Zhang H G, Lou X L, Li Y, Shi A Q, Li D L and Fu B. 2015. Whitecap features induced by submarine sand waves in stereo optical imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120(9): 6225-6233

Читать полностью

The above content is generated by Large Model Translation. The translated content is for reference only. We do not assume any commercial or legal responsibilty for any consequences arising from the use of our website