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Monitoring and analyzing the spatial dynamics and patterns of megacities along the Maritime Silk Road

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

    Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

  • Email：yussta@163.com
  • Introduction：禹丝思(1991—　)，女，硕士研究生，研究方向为城市环境遥感与陆表动态遥感。E-mail：yussta@163.com
YU Sisi12,  
  • role： Corresponding author通信作者
  • Affiliation：

    Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

    Hainan Key Laboratory Earth Observation, Sanya 572029, China

  • Email：sunzc@radi.ac.cn
  • Introduction：孙中昶(1983—　)，男，副研究员，研究方向为城市环境遥感、陆表动态遥感与微波遥感。E-mail：sunzc@radi.ac.cn
SUN Zhongchang23*,  
  • Affiliation：

    Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

    Hainan Key Laboratory Earth Observation, Sanya 572029, China

GUO Huadong23,  
  • Affiliation：

    Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

ZHAO Xiangwei1,  
  • Affiliation：

    Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

SUN Lin1,  
  • Affiliation：

    Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

    Institute of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China

WU Mengfan24

resumen

A megacity is a city with more than 10 million inhabitants. Only two megacities existed in the 1950 s, namely, New York and Tokyo. The number of megacities eventually reached 29 in 2014. Experts predict that more than 40 megacities will exist by 2030, and at least 70% of them will come from the Maritime Silk Road. Uncontrollable urban sprawl in the Maritime Silk Road has resulted in serious environmental pollution and ecological damage, which have significantly impacted people’s daily lives and health. Building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is currently a hot topic. Monitoring and analyzing the spatial dynamics and patterns of megacities along the Maritime Silk Road is critical to local resources and environment protection. This study attempts to monitor and analyze the dynamics of urban expansion in the 11 megacities along the Maritime Silk Road in the period of the 1970 s to the year 2015. Five long-time series of Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI and HJ-1 CCD imagery (acquired in the 1970 s, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015) were adopted to extract the impervious surface of megacities along the Maritime Silk Road in this study. The images of the said megacities were geo-referenced with registration errors of less than 0.5 pixels in the data preprocessing. All images were resampled to 30 m spatial resolution under the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates and WGS84 geodetic datum. The object-oriented Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method was applied to all images after the data preprocessing. The classes involved in the classification maps were bare soil, impervious surface, vegetation, and water body. Approximately 200 points of each class were randomly selected as the validation points. The Overall Accuracy (OA) and Kappa values were calculated by cross-validation utilizing the Google Earth and Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI imagery. Three landscape metrics, including the largest patch index, patch density, and mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance, were also applied to analyze and compare the spatial patterns and urbanization of the megacities along the Maritime Silk Road.Consequently, the average OA and Kappa were above 87.9% and 0.87, respectively. The proposed method could accomplish the spatio-temporal change analysis of urbanization. Moreover, the megacities along the Maritime Silk Road experienced rapid expansion in the period of the 1970 s to the year 2015. These megacities have sprawled at least four times on average with reference to the impervious surfaces of the cities in the 1970 s. In particular, Guangzhou expanded 8 times. These megacities sprawled in a concentric circle or in a “dispersion, aggregation, and re-dispersion” pattern. The urbanization of the megacities along the routes, especially in developing countries such as China and India, exhibits an increasing trend.This study offers a simple method to extract impervious surfaces on a large regional scale utilizing an object-oriented SVM classifier. The spatial expansion patterns of the megacities in developing countries along the Maritime Silk Road were analyzed utilizing applications such as spatial growth analysis and landscape metrics. The consistent monitoring of megacities in this study provides scientific data for policy makers to assess the potential impacts of urbanization in future urban planning, development activities, and population expansion.

palabra clave

Maritime Silk Road;megacities;object-oriented support vector machine;impervious surface;landscape metrics;urbanization

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