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Modeling and analysis of oceanic lidar returns with multiple scattering

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

  • Email：xupeituo@zju.edu.cn
  • Introduction：徐沛拓，1994年生, 男, 博士研究生, 研究方向为海洋激光雷达的开发和应用。E-mail: xupeituo@zju.edu.cn
XU Peituo,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

LIU Dong,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

ZHOU Yudi,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

LIU Qun,  
  • role： Corresponding author通信作者
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

  • Email：bai@zju.edu.cn
  • Introduction：白剑，1967年生，男, 教授，研究方向为光学系统设计与检测、光学遥感等。E-mail: bai@zju.edu.cn
BAI Jian*,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

LIU Zhipeng,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

WU Lan,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

SHEN Yibing,  
  • Affiliation：

    State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

LIU Chong

resumen

Oceanic lidar is a powerful tool that can detect the depth-resolved profiles of the upper ocean water. Seawater optical properties are usually retrieved according to the single scattering lidar equation. However, the accuracy of the simplified equation cannot be guaranteed because of the multiple light scattering in the ocean, which calls for an accurate and effective lidar return model. The accuracy of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation gains recognition because of few assumptions. However, MC simulation is limited by its low efficiency. The computation cost in the analytical model decreases. This phenomenon has not been verified in the oceanic lidar. Therefore, evaluating the accuracy of the analytical model is essential.The principles of the analytical model, conventional MC simulation, and semi-analytic MC simulation were introduced. The analytical model generally depended on the quasi-small-angle approximation. Under such approximation, the radiative transfer equation was solved in the Fourier space using the small angle approximation, which reduced the complexity of the calculation. The conventional MC simulation is based on the purely stochastic construction of an ensemble of photon trajectories through the medium of interest. The semi-analytic approach is used to reduce the statistical error of the conventional MC simulation by combining stochastic and analytic techniques.The effects of operating parameters, such as the height, field of view, water types, and distribution of phytoplankton layers, on the lidar signals were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the analytical model agrees well with the MC simulation in the homogenous and stratified water. However, in terms of the calculation efficiency, the semi-analytic MC is faster than the conventional MC, and the analytical model is faster than semi-analytic MC. As a result, high accuracy and remarkable efficiency make the analytical model superior in the simulation of the oceanic lidar return.Methods for simulating oceanic lidar signals, including the analytical model, conventional MC simulation, and semi-analytic MC simulation, were introduced in this paper. Simulations based on these methods were performed under different operating parameters and demonstrated the high accuracy and remarkable efficiency of the analytical model. These advantages make the analytical model superior in the simulation of the oceanic lidar return. The physical mechanism of laser propagation in the water and retrieval of optical parameters based on oceanic lidar will be the prospective objectives based on the method and result in this work.

palabra clave

optical remote sensing;lidar;multiple scattering;analytical model;Monte Carlo simulation

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