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Estudio de la carga de enfermedades causada por la exposición prolongada a la contaminación por PM2.5 en China e India, 2000-2018

  • role： First author第一作者
  • Affiliation：

    Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

    School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

  • Email：zhuyue19@mails.ucas.ac.cn
  • Introduction：朱玥，研究方向为大气遥感与环境健康。E-mail： zhuyue19@mails.ucas.ac.cn
ZHU Yue12,  
  • role： Corresponding author通信作者
  • Affiliation：

    Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

  • Email：shiys@aircas.ac.cn
  • Introduction：石玉胜，研究方向为大气污染物遥感反演与环境健康、碳排放遥感反演与定量分析。E-mail： shiys@aircas.ac.cn
SHI Yusheng1*,  
  • Affiliation：

    Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

LI Zhengqiang1

resumen

El PM2.5 como contaminante del aire plantea una amenaza potencial para la salud humana. China e India son los dos países en desarrollo más poblados del mundo, y el problema de la carga de enfermedades causadas por la contaminación por PM2.5 es especialmente grave. Por lo tanto, en este estudio, se analizó la evolución temporal y espacial del patrón de PM2.5 y la exposición de la población en China e India durante 19 años (2000-2018) basándose en datos de concentración de PM2.5 invertidos a partir de series temporales de alta resolución (0.01°×0.01°) de satélites. Además, se evaluó exhaustivamente el número de muertes prematuras debido a 6 enfermedades (infecciones agudas del tracto respiratorio inferior, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, diabetes tipo 2, enfermedad isquémica del corazón, cáncer de pulmón y accidente cerebrovascular) causadas por la exposición a largo plazo al PM2.5 en ambos países utilizando un modelo de respuesta de exposición integrada. Los resultados mostraron que las áreas con altas concentraciones de PM2.5 en China se concentran en Xinjiang, la cuenca de Sichuan, la llanura del norte de China y el cinturón económico del río Yangtsé, y la concentración ponderada por la población mostró una tendencia general a la disminución (50 μg∙m-3 en 2000 y 40.8 μg∙m-3 en 2018). Mientras que las áreas con altas concentraciones de PM2.5 en India se concentran en el norte y la concentración ponderada por la población ha mostrado una tendencia constante al aumento (51.5 μg∙m-3 en 2000 y 76.4 μg∙m-3 en 2018). En el caso de China, el número de muertes prematuras causadas por la exposición al PM2.5 aumentó de 908,000 en 2000 a 1,378,000 en 2018, lo que representó un aumento de 470,000. El accidente cerebrovascular fue la enfermedad terminal principal que causó muertes prematuras, representando el 45.9% del número total de muertes (563,000 personas). Mientras que el número de muertes prematuras causadas por la exposición al PM2.5 en India aumentó de 343,000 en 2000 a 750,000 en 2018, lo que representó un aumento de 407,000. La enfermedad isquémica del corazón y el accidente cerebrovascular fueron las principales enfermedades terminales que causaron muertes prematuras, representando el 39.9% (202,000 personas) y el 25.5% (129,000 personas) respectivamente. Los resultados del estudio podrían servir de referencia para los responsables de la toma de decisiones y los organismos de control de la contaminación, y podrían ayudar a formular políticas para el control de la contaminación del aire.

palabra clave

Teledetección; PM2.5; Carga de enfermedades; Mortalidad prematura; China; India; Series temporales largas

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