摘要
Abstract
Coastal regions are becoming increasingly vulnerable to flooding because of accelerating Sea-Level Rise (SLR)
local ground subsidence
and changes in topography and morphology. Moreover
coastal areas are usually highly urbanized and increased human activities have an effect on the stability and preservation of the environment. For instance
the growing demand of new lands to accommodate the population and the industrial facilities in China has required the design and the deployment of land-reclamation projects from the ocean
with a marked impact on fragile coastal eco-systems. Specifically
the Yangtze River and Pearl River Estuary
two major estuaries of the world
have long been subject to intensive human activities over the past decades. Long-term ground subsidence evolution
topographic changes
and morphological variation of the coastal regions have drawn great attention. This paper provides an overview of well-established Earth Observation (EO) Remote Sensing (RS) technologies that are employed to continuously monitor the changes of urbanized regions. The combined use of EO-based DInSAR analyses along with the knowledge of the geomorphology of the coastal regions allows a more precise picture of the SLR risk in the investigated coastal regions. In this paper
we will concentrate on remote sensing technologies that allow the gathering of heterogeneous information
such as those based on the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
satellite altimeters and tide gauge data. We will underline how human activities trigger changes in the living environment of coastal zones and the associated risks for the population. Observed coastline changes
coastal regions terrain subsidence
and offshore bathymetry have a pronounced effect on the increasing risk of flooding. Accordingly
we also present insights into some inundation model projections employed for evaluating the potential flooding risk in coastal regions.
关键词
Keywords
references
Adler-Golden S M , Berk A , Bernstein L S , Richtsmeie R S , Acharya P K , Matthew M W , Aderson G P , Allred C , Jeong L , Chetwynd J H 1999 . FLAASH a MODTRAN4 atmospheric correction package for hyperspectral data retrieval and simulations . Proceeding 7th Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop , 97 – 21 ,
Publication JPL , Pasadena, Calif., pp. 9 - 14 .
Alpers W and Hennings I 1984 . A theory of the imaging mechanism of underwater bottom topography by real and synthetic aperture radar . Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans , 89 ( C6 ): 10529 - 10546
Arns A , Dangendorf S , Jensen J , Talke S , Bender J and Pattiaratchi C 2017 . Sea-level rise induced amplification of coastal protection design heights . Nature : Scientific Reports , 7 : 40171 DOI: 10.1 038/srep40171 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep40171
Baselice F and Ferraioli G 2013 . Unsupervised Coastal Line Extraction from SAR images . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters , 10 ( 6 ): 1350 - 1354 DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2241013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2013.2241013
Bates P D and De Roo A P J 2000 . A simple raster-based model for floodplain inundation . Journal of Hydrology , 236 ( 1-2 ): 54 - 77 DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00278-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00278-X
Bates P D , Dawson R , Hall J , Horritt S , Nicholls J , Wicks J and Hassan M 2005 . Simplified two-dimensional modelling of coastal flooding for risk assessment and planning . Coastal Engineering , 52 ( 9 ): 793 - 810 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.06.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.06.001
Bentley S J , Blum M D , Maloney J , Pond L and Paulsell R 2016 . The Mississippi River source-to-sink system: Perspectives on tectonic, climatic, and anthropogenic influences, Miocene to Anthropocene . Earth-Science Reviews , 153 : 139 - 174 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.001
Berardino P , Fornaro G , Lanari R and Sansosti E 2002 . A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 40 ( 11 ): 2375 - 2383 DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2002.803792 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.803792
Bian X , Shao Y , Tian W , Wang S , Zhang C , Wang X and Zhang Z 2017 . Underwater Topography Detection in Coastal Areas Using Fully Polarimetric SAR Data . Remote Sensing , 9 ( 6 ): 560 DOI: 10.3390/rs9060560 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9060560
Bian X , Shao Y , Wang S , Tian W , Wang X and Zhang C 2018 . Shallow water depth retrieval from multitemporal Sentinel-1 SAR data . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 99 : 1 - 10 DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2018. 2851845 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2851845
Boak E H and Turner I L 2005 . Shoreline definition and detection: a review . Journal of Coastal Research , 21 : 688 - 703 DOI: 10.2112/03-0071.1 http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/03-0071.1
Boccia V , Renga A , Rufino G , D'Errico M , Moccia A , Aragno C and Zoffoli S 2015 . Linear dispersion relation and depth sensitivity to swell parameters: Application to synthetic aperture radar imaging and bathymetry . The Scientific World Journal , 2015 : 1 - 10 DOI: 10.1155/2015/374579 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/374579
Brusch S , Held P , Lehner S , Rosenthal W and Pleskachevsky A 2011 . Underwater bottom topography in coastal areas from TerraSAR-X data . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 32 ( 16 ): 4527 - 4543 DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2010.489063 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.489063
Calkoen C J , Hesselmans G H F M , Wensink G J and Vogelzang J 2001 . The bathymetry assessment system: efficient depth mapping in shallow seas using radar images . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 ( 15 ): 2973 - 2998 DOI: 10.1080/0143116011 6928 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160116928
Chan C K , Yao X . 2008 . Air Pollution in Megacities in China . Atmospheric Environment , 42 ( 1 ): 1 - 42 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007. 09.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003
Chan F K S , Adekola O A , Mitchell G and McDonald A T 2013 . Appraising sustainable flood risk management in the Pearl River Delta's coastal megacities: A case study of Hong Kong, China . Journal of Water and Climate Change , 4 ( 4 ): 390 - 409 DOI: 10.2166/wcc.2013.018 http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.018
Chen F , Lin H , Zhang Y and Lu Z 2012 . Ground subsidence geo-hazards induced by rapid urbanization: Implications from InSAR observation and geological analysis . Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences , 12 ( 4 ): 935 – 942 DOI: 10.5194/nhess-12-935-2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-935-2012
Chen J Y , Knight R , Zebker H A and Schreuder W A 2016 . Confined aquifer headmeasurements and storage properties in the San Luis Valley, Colorado, from spaceborne InSAR observations . Water Resource Resarch , 52 : 1 – 20 DOI: 10.1002/2014WR015716 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015716
Cheng H Q , Chen J Y , Chen Z J , Ruan R L , Xu G Q , Zeng G , Zhu J R. , Dai Z J , Chen X Y , Gu S H , Zhang X L , and Wang H M 2018 . Mapping Sea Level Rise Behavior in an Estuarine Delta System : A Case Study along the Shanghai Coast . Engineering , 4 ( 1 ): 156 – 163 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.02.002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.02.002
Church J A and White N J 2006 . A 20th century acceleration in global sea level rise . Geophysical Research Letters , 33 : L 01602 DOI: 10.1029/2005GL024826 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024826
Church J A and White N J White 2011 . Sea level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century . Surveys in Geophysics , 32 ( 4-5 ): 585 - 602 DOI: 10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1
Covello F , Battazza F , Coletta A , Lopinto E , Fiorentino C , Pietranera L , Valentini G , and Zoffoli S 2010 . COSMO-SkyMed an existing opportunity for observing the Earth . Journal of Geodynamics , 49 ( 3-4 ): 171 – 180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jog.2010.01.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2010.01.001
Dai S B and Lu X X 2014 . Sediment load change in the Yangtze River (Changjiang): A review . Geomorphology , 215 : 60 - 73 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.05.027 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.05.027
Dai Z , Liu J T , Wei W and Chen J 2014 . Detection of the Three Gorges Dam influence on the Changjiang (Yangtze River) submerged delta . Scientific Reports , 4 : 6600 DOI: 10.1038/srep06600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep06600
Danielson J J and Gesch D B 2011 . Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED 2010 ); U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report; Geological SurveyU.S.: FallsSioux, SD, USA, 2011.
Dellepiane S , De Laurentiis R and Giordano F 2004 . Coastline extraction from SAR images and a method for the evaluation of the coastline precision . Pattern Recognition Letters , 25 ( 13 ): 1461 – 1470 DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2004.05.022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2004.05.022
Deng X Z , Huang J K , Rozelle S , Uchida E 2008 . Growth, population and industrialization, and urban land expansion of China . Journal of Urban Economics , 63 ( 1 ): 96 - 115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2006. 12.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2006.12.006
Devlin A T , Pan J , Lin H 2019a . Tidal variability in the Hong Kong region . Ocean Science , 15 ( 4 ): 853 - 864 , DOI: 10.5194/os-15-853-2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-15-853-2019
Devlin A T , Pan J , Lin H 2019b . Extended spectral analysis of tidal variability in the North Atlantic Ocean . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 124 ( 1 ): 506 - 526 , DOI: 10.1029/2018JC014694 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014694
Ding X and Li X 2011 . Monitoring of the Water-Area Variations of Lake Dongting in China with ENVISAT ASAR Images . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 13 ( 6 ): 894 - 901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2011.06.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.06.009
Ding X and Li X 2014 . Shoreline movement monitoring based on SAR images in Shanghai, China . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 35 ( 11-12 ): 3994 - 4008 DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2014.916480 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2014.916480
Domingues C M , Church J A , White N J , Glecker P J , Wijffels S E , Barker P M and Dunn J R 2008 . Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea level rise . Nature , 453 : 1090 - 1094 DOI: 10.1038/nature07080 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07080
Duan H , Zhang H , Huang Q , Zhang Y , Hu M , Niu Y and Zhu J 2016 . Characterization and environmental impact analysis of sea land reclamation activities in China . Ocean and Coastal Management , 130 : 128 - 137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.06.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.06.006
Falabella F , Pepe A , Zhao Q , Guanyu M. , Serio C , Lanari R 2018 . A hybrid multi-scale InSAR approach to study the 2014 - 2018
Surface Deformation of the Shanghai Coastal Region through Sequences of Time-Gapped Cosmo-SkyMed SAR acquisitions . ESA-MOST Dragon IV Mid-term Symposium , Xi'an, China , June 2018 .
Familkhalili R and Talke S A 2016 . The Effect of Channel Deepening on Storm Surge: Case Study of Wilmington, NC . Geophysical Research Letters , 43 ( 17 ): 9138 - 9147 DOI: 10.1002/2016GL069494 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069494
Fan K , Huang W , Lin H , Pan J , Fu B and Gu Y 2011 . Shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR imagery . Journal of oceanography , 67 ( 4 ): 405 - 413
Ferretti A , Prati C and Rocca F 2001 . Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 39 ( 1 ): 8 - 20 DOI: 10.1109/36.898661 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.898661
Ferretti A , Fumagalli A , Novali F , Prati C , Rocca V and Rucci A 2011 . A New Algorithm for Processing Interferometric Data-Stacks: SqueeSAR . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 49 ( 9 ): 3460 - 3470 DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2124465 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2124465
Feng X , Tsimplis M N and Woodworth P L 2015 . Nodal variations and long‐term changes in the main tides on the coasts of China . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 120 ( 2 ): 1215 - 1232 DOI: 10.1002/2014JC010312 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010312
Franceschetti G and Lanari R 1999 . Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA .
Freeman A 1992 . SAR Calibration: An overview . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 30 ( 6 ): 1107 - 1121 DOI: 10.1109/36.193786 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.193786
Fugura A A , Billa L and Pradhan B 2011 . Semi-automated procedures for shoreline extraction using single RADARSAT-1 SAR image . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 95 ( 4 ): 395 - 400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.10.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.10.009
Gesch D B 1999 . Chapter 31
– The effects of DEM generalization methods on derived hydrologic features , Lowellin , Kim , and Jaton , Annick , eds. , Spatial Accuracy Assessment—Land Information Uncertainty in Natural Resources : Chelsea , Mich. , Ann Arbor Press , 255 - 262 .
Geyman E C , and Maloof A C 2019 . A simple method forextracting water depth from multi-spectral satellite imagery in regions of variable bottom type . Earth and Space Science , 6 : 527 - 537 DOI: 10.1029/2018EA000539 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000539 .
Gong P , Liang S , Carlton E J , Jiang Q , Wu J , Wang L , Remais , J V 2012 . Urbanization and Health in China . Lancet , 379 ( 9818 ): 843 - 852 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61878-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61878-3
He L , Li G S , Li K and Shu Y Q 2014 . Estimation of regional sea level change in the Pearl River Delta from tide gauge and satellite altimetry data, Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science , 141 : 69 - 77 .
Higgins S A 2016 . Review: Advances in delta-subsidence research using satellite methods . Hydrogeology Journal , 24 ( 3 ): 587 - 600 DOI: 10.1007/s10040-015-1330-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1330-6
Hooper A , Zebker H , Segall P and Kampes B M 2004 . A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers . Geophysical Research Letters , 31 ( 23 ): L 23611 DOI: 10.1029/2004GL021737 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021737
Huang H , Chen X , Zhu Z , Xie Y , Liu L , Wang X , Wang X and Liu K 2018 . The changing pattern of urban flooding in Guangzhou, China . Science of Total Environment , 622 - 623 : 394 - 404 . DOI: 10. 1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.358 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.358
Huang W and Fu B 2004 . A spaceborne SAR technique for shallow water bathymetry surveys . Journal of Coastal Research , 43 : 223 - 228 .
Ingbritsen S E , Ikehara M E , Galloway D L and Jones D R 2000 . Delta Subsidence in California: The sinking heart of the State Fact Sheet 005 - 00 . Water Resour . 75 : E66 - 72 DOI: 10.3133/fs00500 http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs00500
Jan S , Chern C S , Wang J and Chao S Y 2007 . Generation of diurnal K1 internal tide in the Luzon Strait and its influence on surface tide in the South China Sea . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 112 ( C6 ): C 06019 DOI: 10.1029/2006JC004003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC004003
Jan S , Lien R C and Ting C H 2008 . Numerical study of baroclinic tides in Luzon Strait . Journal of Oceanography , 64 ( 5 ): 789 - 802 DOI: 10.1007/s10872-008-0066-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0066-5
Jarvis A , Reuter H I , Nelson A and Guevara E 2008 . Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4. available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Database < http://srtm. csi.cgiar. org > .
Jay D A 2009 . Evolution of tidal amplitudes in the eastern Pacific Ocean . Geophysical Research Letters , 36 : L 04603 DOI: 10.1029/2008GL036185 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036185
Jiang C , Li J and de Swart H E 2012 . Effects of navigational works on morphological changes in the bar area of the Yangtze Estuary . Geomorphology , 139 - 140 : 205 - 219 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.020 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.020
Jin M , Zhang J and Yuan Y 1998 . Analysis of bathymetric features using SAR image: An example from the southern North Sea . Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology , 16 ( 2 ): 128 - 136 .
Kang Y , Ding X , Xu F , Zhang C and Ge X 2017 . Topographic mapping on large-scale tidal flats with an iterative approach on the waterline method . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 190 : 11 - 22 .
Köhl A , Stammer D and Cornuelle B 2007 . Interannual to decadal changes in the ECCO global synthesis . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 37 ( 2 ): 313 - 337 DOI: 10.1175/JPO3014.1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JPO3014.1
Krieger G , Moreira A , Fiedler H , Hajnsek I , Werner M , Younis M and Zink M 2007 . TanDEM-X: A satellite formation for high-resolution SAR interferometry . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 45 ( 11 ): 3317 - 3341 DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2007. 900693 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.900693
Kuang C , Chen W , Gu J , Su T-C , Song H , Ma Y and Dong Z 2017 . River discharge contribution to sea-level rise in the Yangtze River Estuary, China . Continental Shelf Research , 134 : 63 - 75 DOI: 10. 1016/j.csr.2017.01.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.01.004
Lanari R. , Mora O. , Manunta M , Mallorqui J J , Berardino P , Sansosti E . 2004 . A Small Baseline Approach for Investigating Deformation on Full resolution Differential SAR Interferograms , IEEE Transactions Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 42 ( 7 ): 1377 - 1386 DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2004.828196 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.828196
Lee 1981 . Speckle analysis and smoothing of Synthetic Aperture Radar images . Computer Graphics and Image Processing , 17 ( 1 ): 24 - 32 DOI: 10.1016/S0146-664X(81)80005-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-664X(81)80005-6
Lee J-S and Jurkevich I 1990 . Coastline Detection and Tracing in SAR Images . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 28 ( 4 ): 662 - 668 DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.1990.572976 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1990.572976 .
Lee Z , Carder K L , Mobley C D , Steward R G , and Patch J S 1998 . Hyperspectral remote sensing for shallow waters. I. a semianalytical model . Applied Optics . 37 ( 27 ): 6329 - 6338 .
Li, KW, and Mok, H Y 2012 . Long term trends of the regional sea level changes in Hong Kong and the adjacent waters . In Asian And Pacific Coasts 2011 pp. 349 - 359 . DOI: 10.1142/9789814366489_0040
Lyzenga D R 1978 . Passive remote sensing techniques for mapping water depth and bottom features . Applied Optics , 17 ( 3 ): 379 - 383 .
De Loor G P 1981 . The observation of tidal patterns, currents, and bathymetry with SLAR imagery of the sea . IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering , 6 ( 4 ): 124 - 129 .
De Loor G P and Hulten H W B V 1978 . Microwave measurements over the North Sea Boundary-Layer . Meteorology , 13 ( 1-4 ): 119 - 131 .
Luan H L , Ding P X , Wang Z B , Ge J Z and Yang S L 2016 . Decadal morphological evolution of the Yangtze Estuary in response to river input changes and estuarine engineering projects . Geomorphology , 265 : 12 - 23 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.04.022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.04.022
Mason D C , Scott T R , Dance S L 2010 . Remote sensing of intertidal morphological change in Morecambe Bay , U . K ., between 1991 and 2007. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 87 ( 3 ): 487 - 496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2010.01.015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.01.015
Massonnet D and Feigl K L 1998 . Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth's surface . Reviews of Geophysics , 36 ( 4 ): 441 – 500 DOI: 10.1029/97RG03139 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97RG03139
Mei X , Dai Z , Wei W , Li W , Wang J and Sheng H 2018 . Secular bathymetric variations of the North Channel in the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary , China , 1880 - 2013 : Causes and effects. Geomorphology , 303 : 30 - 40 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.11.014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.11.014
Merrifield M A , Merrifield S T . and Mitchum G T 2009 . An anomalous recent acceleration of global sea level rise. Journal of Climate , 22 ( 21 ): 5772 - 5781 DOI: 10.1175/2009JCLI2985.1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2985.1
Merrifield M A 2011 . A shift in Western tropical Pacific sea level trends during the 1990 s. Journal of Climate , 24 : 4126 - 4138 DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI3932.1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI3932.1
Mishra M K , Ganguly D and Chauhan P 2014 . Estimation of coastal bathymetry using RISAT-1 C-band microwave SAR data . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters , 11 ( 3 ): 671 - 675 DOI: 10. 1109/LGRS.2013.2274475 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2013.2274475
Moftakhari H R , AghaKouchak A , Sanders B F , Feldman D L , Sweet W , Matthew R A and Luke A 2015 . Increased nuisance flooding along the coasts of the United States due to sea level rise: Past and future . Geophysical Research Letters , 42 ( 22 ): 9846 - 9852 DOI: 10.1002/2015GL066072 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066072
Moftakhari H R , AghaKouchak A , Sanders B F and Matthew R A 2017 . Cumulative hazard: The case of nuisance flooding . Earth's Future , 5 ( 2 ): 14 - 223 DOI: 10.1002/2016EF000494 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000494
Mukherjee S , Joshi P , Mukherjee S , Ghosh A , Garg R and Mukhopadhyay A 2013 . Evaluation of vertical accuracy of open source Digital Elevation Model (DEM) . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 21 : 205 – 217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2012.09.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.09.004
Mora O , Mallorqui J J and Broquetas A 2003 . Linear and nonlinear terrain deformation maps from a reduced set of interferometric SAR images . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 41 ( 10 ): 2243 - 2253 DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2003.814657 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.814657
Nerem R S , Chambers D P , C and MitchumChoe , G T 2010 . Estimating mean sea level change from the TOPEX and Jason altimeter missions . Marine Geodesy , 33 ( S1 ): 435 - 446 DOI: 10.1080/01490419.2010.491031 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2010.491031
Nicholls R . J and Cazenave A 2010 . Sea Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones. Science , 80 ( 328 ): 1517 - 1520 DOI: 10.1126/science.1185782 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1185782
Pan C , Wang X , Liu L , Huang H and Wang D 2017 . Improvement to the huff curve for design storms and urban flooding simulations in Guangzhou, China . Water (Switzerland) , 9 : 1 - 18 . DOI: 10.3390/w9060411 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9060411
Pan L and Ge J 2011 . Analysis of the influence of Deep Waterway Project on morphological evolution in the north passage of the Changjiang Estuary, China . Proceedings of 2011
International Conference on Remote Sensing , Environment Transportation Engineering , Nanjing , June , 2011
Pardo-Pascual J E , Sánchez-García E , Almonacid-Caballer J , Palomar-Vázquez J M , Priego de los Santos E , Fernández-Sarría A and Balaguer-Beser Á 2018 . Assessing the Accuracy of Automatically Extracted Shorelines on Microtidal Beaches from Landsat 7, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 Imagery . Remote Sensing , 10 : 326 . DOI: 10.3390/rs10020326 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10020326
Pepe A and Lanari R 2006 . On the extension of the minimum cost flow algorithm for phase unwrapping of multi-temporal differential SAR interferograms . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 44 ( 9 ): 2374 - 2383 DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2006. 873207 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.873207
Pepe A , Bonano M , Zhao Q , Yang T and Wang H 2016 . The Joint Use of Multiple Satellite SAR Data and Geotechnical Models for the Study of the Shanghai Ocean-Reclaimed Lands . Remote Sensing , 8 : 911 DOI: 10.20944/preprints201608.0083.v1 http://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints201608.0083.v1
Pepe A and Calò F 2017 . A Review of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR (InSAR) Multi-Track Approaches for the Retrieval of Earth's Surface Displacements . Applied Sciences , 2017 ( 12 ): 1264 ; DOI: 10.3390/app7121264 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app7121264 .
Polcyn F C , Brown W L , and Sattinger I J 1970 . The Measurement of Water Depth by Remote Sensing Techniques, Report 8973 - 26 -F, Willow Run Laboratories, The University of Michigan, ArborAnn.
Ray R D 2006 . Secular changes of the M2 tide in the Gulf of Maine . Continental Shelf Research , 26 ( 3 ): 422 - 427 DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2005.12.005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2005.12.005
Ray R D 2009 . Secular changes in the solar semidiurnal tide of the Western North Atlantic Ocean . Geophysical Research Letters 36 :L 19601 DOI: 10.1029/2009GL040217 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040217
Ray R D and Foster G 2016 . Future nuisance flooding at Boston caused by astronomical tides alone . Earth's Future , 4 ( 12 ): 578 - 587 DOI: 10.1002/2016EF000423 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000423
Ren M E 1993 . Relative Sea level changes in China over the last 80 years , Journal of Coastal Research , 9 ( 1 ): 229 - 241 .
Renga A , Rufino G , D'Errico M , Moccia A , Boccia V , M DGrazianoet al . 2014 . SAR bathymetry in the Tyrrhenian Sea by COSMO-SkyMed data: A novel approach . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 7 ( 7 ): 2834 - 2847 DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2327150 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2327150
Ryu J H , Won J S , Min K D 2002 . Waterline extraction from Landsat TM data in a tidal flat: a case study in Gomso Bay, Korea . Remote sensing of Environment , 83 ( 3 ): 442 - 456 DOI: 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00059-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00059-7
Simms A , Reynolds L C , Bentz M , Roman A , Rockwell T and Peters R 2016 . Tectonic Subsidence of California Estuaries Increases Forecasts of Relative Sea-Level Rise . Estuaries and Coasts , 39 : 1571 - 1581 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-016-0105-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0105-1
Slangen A B , Church J A , Agosta C , Fettweis X , Marzeion B and Richter K 2016 . Anthropogenic forcing dominates global mean sea-level rise since 1970 . Nature Climate Change , 6 ( 7 ): 701 - 705 , DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2991 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2991
Stewart C , Renga A , Gaffney V and Schiavon G 2016 . Sentinel-1 bathymetry for North Sea palaeo landscape analysis . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 37 ( 3 ): 471 - 491 DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2015.1129563 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1129563
Stockamp J , Bisho P , Li Z , Petrie E J , Hansom J and Rennie A 2016 . State-of-the-art in studies of glacial isostatic adjustment for the British Isles: a literature review . Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 106 ( 3 ): 145 - 170 DOI: 10.1017/S1755691016000074 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1755691016000074
Strang G . 1988 . Linear Algebra and Its Appications; Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: Orlando, FL, USA .
Sweet W V and Park J 2014 . From the extreme to the mean: Acceleration and tipping points of coastal inundation from sea level rise . Earths Future , 2 ( 12 ): 579 - 600 DOI: 10.1002/2014EF000272 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000272
Tian B , Wu W , Yang Z and Zhou Y 2016 . Drivers, trends, and potential impacts of long-term coastal reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010 . Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science , 170 ( 5 ): 83 - 90 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.006
Torres R , Snoeij P , Geudtner D , Bibby D , Davidson M , Attema E , Potin P , Rommen B , Floury N , Brown M , et al . 2012 . GMES Sentinel-1 mission . Remote Sensing of Environment , 120 : 9 – 24 DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.028 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.028
Tachikawa T , Hato M , Kaku M and Iwasaki A 2011 . Characteristics of ASTER GDEM version 2 . Proceedings of 2011
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium , Vancouver , July , 2011
Tachikawa T , Kaku M , Iwasaki A , Gesch D , Oimoen M , Zhang Z , Danielson J , Krieger T , Curtis B , Haase J , Abrams M and Carabajal C 2011 . ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2 – Summary of Validation Results . ASTER GDEM Validation Team < http://www. jspacesystems. or. jp/ersdac/GDEM/ver2Validation/Summary_GDEM2_v alidation_report_final. pdf > .
Wackerman C , Lyzenga D , Ericson E and Walker D 1998 . Estimating near-shore bathymetry using SAR . 1998
IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings , Seattle , July , 1998
Van der Werff H M A 2019 . Mapping shoreline indicators on a sandy beach with supervised edge detection of soil moisture differences , International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 74 : 231 - 238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2018.09.007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.09.007
Wang H , Wright T J , Yu Y , Lin H , Jiang L , Li C and Qiu G 2012 . InSAR reveals coastal subsidence in the Pearl River Delta, China . Geophysical Journal International , 191 ( 3 ): 1119 - 1128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05687.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05687.x
Wang J , Yi S , Li M , Wang L and Song C 2018 . Effects of sea level rise, subsidenceland, bathymetric change and typhoon tracks on storm flooding in the coastal areas of Shanghai , Science of the Total Environment , 621 : 228 - 234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.224 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.224
Wang W , Liu H , Li Y and Su J 2014 . Development and management of land reclamation in China . Ocean & Coastal Management , 102 : 415 - 425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.03.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.03.009
Wang Q , PAN C , and Zhang G 2018 . Impact of and adaptation strategies for sea-level rise on Yangtze River Delta , Advances in Climate Change Research , 9 : 154 - 160 .
Wang X , Wang X , Zhai J , Li X , Huang H , Li C , Zheng J and Sun H 2016 . Improvement to flooding risk assessment of storm surges by residual interpolation in the coastal areas of Guangdong Province, China . Quaternary International , 453 : 1 - 14 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.025 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.025
Wei W , Mei X , Dai Z and Tang Z 2016 . Recent morphodynamic evolution of the largest uninhibited island in the Yangtze (Changjiang) estuary during 1998 - 2014 : Influence of the anthropogenic interference. Continental Shelf Research , 124 : 83 - 94 DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2016.05.011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.05.011
Wei W , Tang Z , Dai Z , Lin Y , Ge Z and Gao J 2015 . Variations in tidal flats of the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary during 1950s - 2010s : Future crisis and policy implication. Ocean & Coastal Management , 108 : 89 - 96 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.018
Weigt M , Rizzoli P , Bachmann M , Bräutigam B and Schulze D 2012 . TanDEM-X mission interferometric performance and global DEM acquisition status. Radar 2012, IET International Conference on Radar Systems , Glasgow , Oct, 2012 .
Woodruff J D , Irish J L and Camargo S J 2013 . Coastal flooding by tropical cyclones and sea-level rise . Nature , 504 : 44 - 52 DOI: 10.1038/nature12855 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12855
Wu C S , Yang S , Huang S and Mu J 2016 . Delta changes in the Pearl River estuary and its response to human activities (1954-2008 ). Quaternary International , 392 : 147 - 154 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.009
Wu S , Cheng H , Xu Y , Li J , Zheng S and Xu W 2016 . Riverbed Micromorphology of the Yangtze River Estuary, China . Water , 8 : 190 DOI: 10.3390/w8050190 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w8050190
Wu Z Y , Saito Y , Zhao D N , Zhou J Q , Cao Z Y , Li S J , Shang J H and Liang Y Y 2016 . Impact of human activities on subaqueous topographic change in Lingding Bay of the Pearl River estuary, China, during 1955 - 2013 . Scientific Reports , 6 : 1 - 10 . DOI: 10.1038/srep37742 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep37742
Wu Z , Milliman J D , Zhao D , Cao Z , Zhou J and Zhou C 2018 . Geomorphologic changes in the lower Pearl River Delta , 1850 – 2015 , largely due to human activity. Geomorphology , 314 : 42 - 54 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.05.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.05.001
Xu B , Feng G , Li Z , Wang Q , Wang C and Xie R 2016 . Coastal subsidence monitoring associated with land reclamation using the point target based SBAS-InSAR method: A case study of Shenzhen, China . Remote Sensing , 8 ( 8 ): 652 DOI: 10.3390/rs8080652 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8080652
Yang M , Yang T , Zhang L , Lin J , Qin X and Liao M 2011 . Spatio-Temporal Characterization of a Reclamation Settlement in the Shanghai Coastal Area with Time Series Analyses of X-, C-, and L-Band SAR Datasets . Remote Sensing , 10 ( 2 ): 1 - 18 DOI: 10.3390/rs10020329 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10020329
Yang L , Scheffran J , Qin H and You Q 2014 . Climate-related flood risks and urban responses in the Pearl River Delta, China . Regional Environmental Change , 15 ( 2 ): 379 – 391 . DOI: 10.1007/s10113-014-0651-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0651-7
Yang S L , Belkin I M , Belkina A I , Zhao Q Y , Zhu J and Ding P X 2003 . Delta response to decline in sediment supply from the Yangtze River: evidence of the recent four decades and expectations for the next half-century . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 57 : 689 - 699 DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2015.10.018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.10.018
Yang S L , Milliman J D , Li P and Xu K 2011 . 50,000 dams later: Erosion of the Yangtze River and its delta . Global and Planetary Change , 75 ( 1-2 ): 14 - 20 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.09.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.09.006
Yin J , Yu D , Yin Z , Wang J and Xu S 2015 . Modelling the anthropogenic impacts on fluvial flood risks in a coastal mega-city: A scenario-based case study in Shanghai, China . Landscape Urban Planning , 136 : 144 - 155 . DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.009
Yin J , Zhao Q , Yu D , Lin N , Kubanek J , Ma G , Liu M and Pepe A 2019 . Long-term flood-hazard modeling for coastal areas using InSAR measurements and a hydrodynamic model: The case study of Lingang New City, Shanghai . Journal of Hydrology , 571 : 593 - 604 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.015
Yu D and Lane S N 2006a . Urban fluvial flood modelling using a two-dimensional diffusion wave treatment, part 1: mesh resolution effects . Hydrological Processes , 20 ( 7 ): 1541 - 1565 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.5935 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5935
Yu D and Lane S N 2006b . Urban fluvial flood modelling using a two-dimensional diffusion wave treatment, part 2: development of a sub grid-scale treatment . Hydrological Processes , 20 ( 7 ): 1567 - 1583 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.5936 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5936
Yu D 2010 . Parallelization of a 2D flood inundation model based on domain decomposition . Environmental Modelling & Software , 25 ( 8 ): 935 - 945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.03.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.03.003
Yu D and Lane S N 2011 . Interaction between subgrid-scale resolution, feature representation and grid-scale resolution in flood inundation modelling . Hydro-logical Processes , 25 : 36 - 53 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7813 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7813
Zhang S , Xu Q , Gong Z and Fan K . 2018 . Topographic mapping of the Subei Bank tidal flats using Sentinel-1A SAR images . Proceedings of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing .
Zhang W , Ruan X , Zheng J , Zhu Y and Wu H 2010 . Long-term change in tidal dynamics and its cause in the Pearl River Delta, China . Geomorphology , 120 : 209 – 223 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.031 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.031
Zhang W , Xu Y , Hoitink A J F , Sassi M G , Zheng J , Chen X and Zhang C 2015a . Morphological change in the Pearl River Delta, China . Marine Geology , 363 : 202 - 219 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2015. 02.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.02.012
Zhang W , Xu Y , Hoitink A J F , Sassi M G , Zheng J , Chen X and Zhang C 2015b . Morphological change in the Pearl River Delta, China . Marine Geology , 363 : 202 - 219 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2015. 02.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.02.012
Zhao Q , Lin H , Jiang L , Chen F and Cheng S 2009 . A study of ground deformation in the Guangzhou urban area with persistent scatterer interferometry , Sensors , 9 : 503 - 518 DOI: 10.3390/s90100503 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s90100503
Zhao Q , Pepe A , Gao W , Lu Z , Bonano M , He M L , Wang J and Tang X 2015 . A DInSAR investigation of the ground settlement time evolution of ocean-reclaimed lands in Shanghai . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 8 ( 4 ): 1763 - 1781 DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2402168 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2402168
Zhu L , He Q , Shen J and Wang Y 2016 . The influence of human activities on morpho-dynamics and alteration of sediment source and sink in the Changjiang Estuary . Geomorphology , 273 : 52 - 62 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.025 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.025
Zhu M S , Sun T and Shao D D 2016 . Impact of Land Reclamation on the Evolution of Shoreline Change and Nearshore Vegetation Distribution in Yangtze River Estuary . Wetlands , 36 , 11 - 17 DOI: 10.1007/s13157-014-0610-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-014-0610-6
Zu T , Gan J and Erofeeva S Y 2008 . Numerical study of the tide and tidal dynamics in the South China Sea . Deep Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers , 55 ( 2 ): 137 - 154 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.007
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
- 地址：北京市海淀区北四环西路19号 《遥感学报》编辑部 邮编：100190
- 联系电话：010-58887052 Email：nrsb@aircas.ac.cn
- 技术支持由北京北大方正电子有限公司提供 京ICP备20021838号-9
京公网安备11010802024621 - 本系统建议在Chrome、 IE9+ 以上版本浏览器阅读本站内容，360浏览器请切换至极速模式
- Cookies帮助我们提供服务并提供个性化体验。使用本网站，即表示您同意我们使用Cookies
