收稿：2017-08-30，
录用：2017-10-1，
纸质出版：2017-09-15
移动端阅览
国外相关研究结果表明，月球表面的光度学稳定度可达10
–8
/年，是自由空间内稳定的辐射参考源，可用于星载遥感仪器的外定标。与基于地球表面目标观测的在轨定标方法相比，最大的优势在于在轨月球观测信息中没有大气辐射的贡献，大气窗区和非窗区处理方式几乎一致。同时，作为整体发射率稳定的自然天体，月球表面的温度范围在90—390 K之间，完全满足通常对地观测探测的动态范围要求。月球复杂的表面辐射特性，是制约对月定标技术发展的主要原因之一。月球表面辐射特性与月表发射率、月表温度密切相关。月表温度分布是月球重要的热物理参数之一，是月球表面热演化模型的必要边界条件，同时也是研究月球表面发射谱的关键参数。获取月表温度的方法大致可以分为两大类：直接测量温度数据和建立物理模型预测。直接测量温度数据又可以细分为下面3种方法：地基遥感测量、绕月探测卫星遥感测量、登陆月球直接测量表面温度。地基观测的空间分辨率很低，只能反映出一大片区域的平均温度；另外两种方法花费巨大，且不能对全月的温度变化进行长期的观测。月表温度物理模型基于热传导理论，结合月壤样本的热物理参数，将月球当成半无限固体，根据Stefan-Boltzmann定律和能量守恒定律，得到月表物理温度和太阳辐照度、月球内部热流的关系。太阳辐照度是月表温度分布的最重要的因素。本文以天文计算为基础，准确描述月表有效太阳辐照度与太阳常数、太阳辐射入射角以及日月距离之间的关系，建立一个可以计算任意时刻、任意经纬度坐标点的月表温度模型，从而有助于准确描述月表辐射特性。与风云二号G星的观测结果对比，该模型可以准确描述月相的变化。阿波罗15号首次开展了一系列探索月球的科学试验，其中在登月点附近开展的月表热流试验是ALSEP(Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package)的重要组成部分。月表热流试验提供了登月点附近长时间的月表温度数据，通过与阿波罗15号实测数据进行对比，当太阳高度角大于0°时，该模型可以准确描述月球表面的温度变化；当太阳高度角在一定范围内时，模型的温度误差在1 K以内。
Lunar surface temperature may be of interest in the radiometric calibration of space-based sensors. It is an essential parameter for exploring the Moon and a necessary boundary condition for studying lunar thermal evolution. This study presents a real-time model of lunar surface temperature based on the lunar surface temperature steady-state model of Racca. The effective solar irradiance can be calculated accurately and in real time. The proposed model can nearly accurately describe variations in Moon phases based on qualitative comparisons with lunar infrared images provided by the FY-2G satellite. A heat flow experiment provides the time series of the lunar surface temperature at the Apollo 15 landing site since the experiment started until its end in 1974. Result from the temperature model fits well with the measurement when the solar elevation angle is greater than zero. Furthermore
the differences between the calculated and measured temperature results are within ±1 K for the fifth day up to the tenth day since the elevation angle of the Sun is above the surface.
Apollo 15 mission report. Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Journal, https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15mr.htm https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15mr.htm [2017-08-30]
Description of Apollo heat flow experiment data tapes. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo15info.html https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo15info.html [2017-08-30]
Buratti B J, Hicks M D, Nettles J, Staid M, Pieters C M, Sunshine J, Boardman J and Stone T C. 2011. A wavelength-dependent visible and infrared spectrophotometric function for the Moon based on ROLO data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(E6): E00G03
Guo Q, Xu J M and Zhang W J. 2005. Stray light modelling and analysis for the FY-2 meteorological satellite. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(13): 2817–2830
Huang S P. 2008. Surface temperatures at the nearside of the Moon as a record of the radiation budget of Earth’s climate system. Advances in Space Research, 41(11): 1853–1860
Kidder S Q and von der Haar T H. 1995. Satellite Meteorology. London: Academic Press
Kieffer H H and Wildey R L. 1996. Establishing the moon as a spectral radiance standard. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 13: 360–375
Kieffer H H and Anderson J M. 1998. Use of the moon for spacecraft calibration over 350 to 2500 nm//Proceedings Volume 3498, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites II. Barcelona, Spain: SPIE: 325–336 [DOI: 10.1117/12.333646]
Kieffer H H, Stone T C, Barnes R A, Bender S C, Eplee R E, Mendenhall J A and Ong L. 2003. On-orbit radiometric calibration over time and between spacecraft using the moon//Proceedings Volume 4881, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VI. Crete, Greece: SPIE: 287–298 [DOI: 10.1117/12.462611]
Kieffer H H and Stone T C. 2005. The spectral irradiance of the moon. The Astronomical Journal, 129(6): 2887–2901
Langseth M G Jr, Clark S P Jr, Chute J L Jr, Keihm S J and Wechsler A E. 1972. The Apollo 15 lunar heat-flow measurement. Moon, 4(3/4): 390–410
Lawson S L, Jakosky B M, Park H S and Mellon M T. 2000. Brightness temperatures of the lunar surface: calibration and global analysis of the Clementine long-wave infrared camera data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(E2): 4273–4290
Li Y, Wang Z Z and Jiang J S. 2010. Simulations on the influence of lunar surface temperature profiles on CE-1 lunar microwave sounder brightness temperature. Science China Earth Sciences, 53(9): 1379–1391
Li X Y, Wang S J and Cheng A Y. 2008. A lunar surface effective solar irradiance real-time model. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51(1): 25–30
Meeus J H. 1991. Astronomical Algorithms. Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, Incorporated
Price S D. 2004. Infrared irradiance calibration. Space Science Reviews, 113(3/4): 409–456
Pugacheva S G, Shevchenko V V, Yakovlev S G and Kibardin V M. 1999. Calibration of the Moon’s infrared images from geostationary satellite GOMS//30th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, TX: [s.n.]
Pugacheva S G and Shevchenko V V. 2001. The spatial angular function of thermal emission of the moon. Solar System Research, 35(3): 181–189
Racca G D. 1995. Moon surface thermal characteristics for moon orbiting spacecraft thermal analysis. Planetary and Space Science, 43(6): 835–842
Stone T C and Kieffer H H. 2006. Use of the Moon to support on-orbit sensor calibration for climate change measurements//Proceedings Volume 6296, Earth Observing Systems XI. San Diego, California: SPIE [DOI: 10.1117/12.678605]
Wieczorek M A and Huang S. 2006. A reanalysis of Apollo 15 and 17 surface and subsurface temperature series//37th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. League City, Texas: [s.n.]
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621
