收稿：2017-11-26，
录用：2018-7-22，
纸质出版：2019-01
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植被冠层可燃物含水率FMC(Fuel Moisture Content)是评估野火风险及估算火灾蔓延速率的重要指标。以中国西部6个典型研究区为例，基于辐射传输模型，利用Landsat 5 TM及Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据，开展草原、森林冠层FMC定量反演研究。为克服基于物理模型的病态反演问题、FMC自身的弱敏感性问题及西南森林多具复杂的双层冠层结构问题，研究中考虑了模型参数之间的相关特征，使用多波段遥感数据及耦合辐射传输模型等方法。反演结果显示，总体植被冠层FMC反演精度
R
2
为0.64，RMSE为44.86%，其中草地冠层FMC的反演精度(
R
2
=0.64，RMSE=47.57%)略低于森林冠层FMC的反演精度(
R
2
=0.71，RMSE=30.82%)。为进一步论证该反演结果对野火风险评估的有效性，研究中选取并分析了2011年3月2日于云南大理白族自治州剑川县金华镇金和村森林火灾爆发前、爆发时及灾后该区域植被冠层FMC的变化特征。结果显示，火灾爆发时该地区植被冠层FMC明显低于火灾发生前后(约一月时间)植被冠层FMC，证明了本文FMC反演结果对野火风险评估的有效性。
Wildfire is a natural agent of many ecosystems since fire can affect nutrient cycles
vegetation succession patterns
and insect plague resistance. However
wildfire also has a wide range of negative impacts on ecosystems
such as soil erosion and degradation
destruction of vegetation water conservation function
emissions of atmospheric greenhouse gases
and human life and welfare. The three major forces that are essential for understanding forest fire risk and its behavior are as follows: weather
fuel
and topography. In this context
fuel moisture content (FMC)
which is the proportion of water content over dry mass
is one of the key factors used for the risk assessment of wildfire because it affects fire ignition and spreading. However
traditional field measurement of the variable is time consuming
and extending to large-scale and dynamic application is impossible. Thus
a near real-time
multi-temporal and multi-spatial remotely sensed data can address the solution. In this work
the FMC of grassland and forest for six study areas distributed in the Western China were retrieved using the PROSAIL and PROGeoSAIL radiative transfer models from Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI data. For accurate and robust retrieval of FMC
the ill-posed inversion problem
the weak sensitivity characteristic of FMC
and the way in modeling the spectra of two-layered forest canopy should be addressed. In this study
we focused on alleviating the ill-posed inverse problem based on the ecological rule to obtain the improvement of the FMC retrieval. Previous studies generally treated the free parameters independent while ignoring that these parameters were naturally correlated. The correlations that naturally existed between the model parameters were introduced into their prior joint probability distribution of the requried free parameters. This treatment can reduce the probabilities of unrealistic combinations that may confuse the retrieval process and therefore increase the accuracy level of the retrieved FMC. FMC is calculated from the ratio of the model input parameters
namely
equivalent water thickness (EWT) and dry matter content (DMC). Both these two variables have the sensitivity in the near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands. However
the effect of DMC in NIR and SWIR is often confused by the EWT
which renders the accurate estimation of DMC (or FMC) slightly challenging. For the accurate retrieval of FMC
all available bands from Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI data were used for obtaining additional information from these remotely sensed data. Regarding to the forest with two-layered canopy (lower grass and upper tree canopies)
this study coupled two radiative transfer models
namely
PROSAIL and PROGEOSAIL to characterized its spectra. First
the spectra of the lower grass canopy were simulated via the PROSAIL model. Then
the soil spectra required in the PROGeoSAIL model were replaced using the simulated spectra of the low grass canopy layer. These coupled models allowed to better resemble the two-layered canopy configuration in the study area. Result show that the accuracy of the retrieved forest FMC (
R
2
=0.71
RMSE=30.82%) was better than the grassland FMC (
R
2
= 0.64
RMSE = 47.57%) with overall accuracy of
R
2
= 0.64
RMSE = 44.86%. The multi-temporal FMC maps were generated to further demonstrate the performance of the retrieved FMC in assessing the wildfire risk in Jinhe Village of Yunnan Province where a forest fire occurred in March 02
2011. Result further show that FMC noticeably decreased during the fire
thereby implying the potential usage of retrieved FMC in the early warning of the wildfire risk.
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