收稿：2018-09-06，
纸质出版：2020-10-07
移动端阅览
中国作为农业大国，每年面临大规模的露天秸秆焚烧现象，近十几年来，秸秆焚烧在突发和极端雾霾事件中发挥了显著的作用，导致大气能见度下降，危害人类健康。本文为探究中国“大气十条”实施第一阶段（2013年—2017年）以来中国秸秆焚烧时空变化情况，并探究秸秆禁烧政策对秸秆焚烧时空变化的影响，借助2013年—2017年Terra、Aqua卫星MODIS热异常产品，利用土地利用与覆盖变化数据，通过提取白天农田范围内的热异常点，获取全国范围秸秆焚烧结果，分析了2013年—2017年秸秆焚烧时空变化特征，并深入讨论了全国和区域禁烧政策对秸秆焚烧治理的影响，有助于为今后针对重点焚烧区制定相关政策提供科学依据。研究结果显示“大气十条”颁布之后5年期间全国秸秆焚烧年总量呈先增加后减小的总趋势，最低值2016年比最高值2014年降低34.48%，2017年较2013年秸秆焚烧数量减少的区域面积约为增加区域面积的2倍。秸秆焚烧治理成效最为显著的为河南省、安徽省和湖北省，其中，河南省在严格的禁烧政策、集中约谈、经济处罚、推广秸秆综合利用产业等多种措施共同影响下，2016-06和2016-10两个秸秆焚烧高峰期的秸秆焚烧数量分别较2015年同期下降86.66%和98.93%，且后期未出现反弹。黑龙江省虽然在一定程度上控制了秋季秸秆焚烧情况，但由于秸秆产量大且缺乏处理手段，会导致次年春季出现大规模反弹，并未从根本上解决秸秆焚烧控制问题。因此，除了进一步强化秸秆焚烧重点区域和重点时段禁烧措施，不断提高禁烧监管水平，还必须鼓励秸秆还田，秸秆能源化，提高秸秆综合利用率，“禁”“用”结合、因地制宜，形成管控秸秆焚烧的长效科学措施。
As a large agricultural country
China faces large-scale burning of crop stubble in the field during harvesting
post-harvesting
and pre-harvesting periods. In recent decades
Crop Residue Burning (CRB) played a noticeable role in the sudden and extreme haze episodes
which resulted in reducing atmospheric visibility and harming human health.
On the regional or global scale
satellite remote sensing technology can offer a reliable fire data source that can resolve the significant in situ data gap. In this study
the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer active fire products
MOD14/MYD14
were employed from 2013 to 2017. Land cover data were used to extract crop residue burning spots by selecting active fires over farmlands in the daytime.
Results showed that CRB spots were mainly distributed in the northeast
Sanjiang
Huang–Huai–Hai
middle-lower Yangtze
and Hetao plains
as well as Sichuan basin. As the largest contributor
the average annual CRB spot number in Northeast China reached 47.55% of that in China. From 2013 to 2017
the variation of the annual CRB spot number showed an “up-down-up” trend. The annual CRB spot number of China increased from 2013 to 2014
dramatically dropping from 2014 to 2016
and then slightly increased from 2016 to 2017. Compared with the figure of 2014
the total number of CRB spot in China in 2016 decreased by 34.48%. In the recent five years
the major regions over China with serious CRB were fixed because of rare changes in agricultural areas and activities. By calculating the differences in the annual CRB spot number between 2017 and 2013
the results indicated that the area of regions with negative difference was approximately two times of that with the positive difference. The regions with negative difference are in Henan and Anhui provinces
whereas the regions with negative difference are in Northeast China.
Official policies played a heavy role in inhibiting crop residue burning. Henan Province in the Huang–Huai–Hai region and Anhui and Hubei provinces in the mid-low reaches of Yangtze River region are three typical provinces whose decrease in CRB numbers was significantly influenced by prohibitions of straw burning. In Henan province
the CRB was not improved before 2015 due to the limitation of policy implementation. However
the monthly CRB numbers in June and October of 2016 declined to 86.66% and 98.93% in June and October of 2015
respectively. This effect can be attributed to the combination of CRB prohibition
accountability mechanism
economic punishment
and increasing use of crop residue. Heilongjiang Province shows negative feedback in the prohibitions of straw burning. Although the monthly CRB number in October 2016 decreased to 40.9% compared with that in October 2015
the monthly CRB number rebounded remarkably in April 2017 because of the large yield of crop residue and the lack of crop residue use. Therefore
further strengthening of prohibitions of straw burning in major regions and in post- and pre-harvesting periods is necessary. To enhance the comprehensive utilization rate of crop residue
a sustainable strategy on crop residue recycling should be expanded in most regions of China. Moreover
more attention should be given to turn disposable crop residue into farmland as a replacement for fertilizers. The policy of “banning” and “using” is a long-term effective measure to control CRB.
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