收稿：2020-11-01，
纸质出版：2021-01-07
移动端阅览
本文从海洋与气候变化等重大前沿科学与应用对空间海洋观测系统的需求出发，基于当前国内外空间激光技术水平与前期海洋激光遥感的探索，提出了海洋遥感从二维向三维发展的紧迫性，并将海洋剖面探测激光雷达作为未来“海洋三维遥感”的主要技术手段。本文对近50年国内外激光海洋剖面探测技术的理论与应用、基础性关键探测机理问题，尤其是近10年来的试验性探索及其在多个海洋科学问题中的应用进行了综述。结合中国自主“观澜号”海洋科学卫星计划中海洋剖面探测激光雷达的系统论证与指标要求，提出了未来海洋剖面探测激光雷达发展路线图建议以及中国有望率先在空间海洋剖面激光探测领域取得突破的设想。
Ocean observation is one of the major parts of the global integrated observation system
where ocean remote sensing (or satellite oceanography) takes a key position. Nowadays
there are stronger requirements than ever that ocean remote sensing technology should make direct detection of three-dimensional (3D) stratification structure of the upper ocean. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) remote sensing
based on ocean color (OC)
thermal infrared
and microwave sensors (radiometer
scatterometer
altimeter
and SAR
etc.)
can only detect sea-surface or sea-skin properties
and then retrieve or deduce the profile-structures of the water body. Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) has defined 31 ocean variables as ECVs (Essential Climate Variables)
which is identical to the EOVs (Essential Ocean Variables) defined by the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS). But
only 11 in those 31 variables can be measured by traditional 2D remote sensing technologies
and yet with some accuracy or uncertainty problems. If 3D remote sensing technology could be developed
half a dozen more variables (namely the subsurface ones) would be acquired from space
which could bring forth great benefits to the ocean and earth observation system. Besides the observation subsurface variables
other critical defects of traditional 2D sensors are the inability of measuring the ecosystem activities and changes under low-light conditions
as that in the arctic ocean
and the incapability of monitoring the vast diel-vertical-migration of zooplankton at dawn/dusk and night. It seems that the active optical sensing system
i.e.
the ocean profiling lidar or oceanographic lidar (not the ones for shallow water bathymetry or mapping)
is currently the only feasible technology that can make direct 3D detection for the upper ocean profiles and work in a whole diel cycle to monitor the plankton activities to facilitate the studies of the life system in ocean. This paper aims to give an overall but concise review of the progress of ocean profiling lidar technology for the past 50 years
especially those of recent 15 years
including the theory
models
techniques
and preliminary experiments and applications practiced in-lab
in-situ and by airborne or spaceborne systems. The airborne oceanic lidar systems mainly refer to elastic polarimetric lidar or HSRL ones from NOAA or NASA
and the spaceborne lidars and their ocean profiling applications
refer mainly to the CALIOP onboard CALIPSO and the ATLAS onboard ICESat-II
though with limited sensing capability and coarse resolution. Some of the key issues of oceanographic lidar sensing are discussed
including the Mueller matrix
volume scattering function (VSF) of complex water constituents
blue-green dual-bands elastic polarimetric
the maximum detecting depth
inelastic scatterings (Brillouin
Raman)
and the stringent engineering restraints
etc. The methods and mechanisms of oceanic lidar to probe the stratified bio-optic properties
NPP and carbon stocks of the euphotic layer
thermal structures of the upper ocean
plankton migration
fish flocks
air-sea interface properties
internal waves
etc.
are given in the view of applications other than in that of instrumentation. The specific and effective applications
based on LiDAR’s unique profiling and night-time sensing ability
include the sensing of changes in the arctic ocean ecosystem during the polar nights
and the vertical-diel-migration of zooplanktons
these are largely missing in traditional ocean color. Monte Carlo (MC) models are powerful and versatile tools for the researches and system designs of oceanic lidars. Lidar MCs are capable of dealing with ray-tracing and polarimetric radiative transfer in a real-3D time and space frame. The MC models from distinguished research groups in ocean optics and lidar sensing are briefly reviewed. From the early 1990s
though left behind by international counterparts in some degree
Chinese experts on oceanographic lidar technology have also made many achievements in almost every aspect concerned
which are reviewed also in this paper. One of the outstanding achievements is the ~90m world record of the deepest detection depth in May 2019
obtained in the Southern China Sea by an airborne lidar system—the blue-green dual-bands oceanic lidar
developed jointly by SIOM/CAS and other institutes. The successful launch of CALIPSO-CALIOP in 2006 was the dawn of spaceborne oceanographic lidar technology. With CALIOP’s residual subsurface signals of backscattering
some tremendous oceanic applications have tried out and well demonstrated the necessity and revolutionary contributions of dedicated future spaceborne missions of oceanic lidar sensing. The technology of lasers and receivers for spaceborne system is much more matured and feasible than 15 years before
at least for the elastic polarimetric profiling lidar. As simulated by various Monte Carlo models
the detection depth of an affordable and engineeringly reliable oceanic lidar
no matter elastic
HSRL
or inelastic
is quite limited within 100m to 150 m with a vertical resolution of 1m or less. This depth may not be satisfactory to those serious oceanographers
but the ability of upper ocean profiling is definitely a break-through of the three dimensional ocean sensing technology. This depth may penetrate over 80% of the global euphotic zone or photosynthetic depth in which most of the ocean-NPP is originated. Along with the introduction of the Guanlan (means watching the waters) satellites project
an ocean science mission focused on three dimensional sensing of the upper ocean and sub-mesoscale phenomena
proposed and initiated by the National Laboratory of Marine Science & Technology (Qingdao)
a road-map of oceanographic profiling lidar series is suggested in 4 stages
from elastic
HSRL
Brillouin and multi-beam push-broom. As the primary and promising candidate sensor of 3D ocean sensing
spaceborne oceanic profiling lidar can be realized in near future. Technically
China has the ability and chance to be the leading runner.
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