光谱可形变卷积驱动的高光谱图像分类
Hyperspectral image classification based on spectral deformable convolution neural network
- 2022年26卷第10期 页码：2014-2028
纸质出版日期： 2022-10-07
DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20221798
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摘要
基于卷积神经网络的高光谱图像分类是当前的研究热点，先后发展了空洞卷积、可形变卷积等先进模型。然而，现有可形变卷积只在空间维偏移，忽略了高光谱图像光谱之间的差异信息。为此，本文将可形变卷积从空间维扩展到光谱维，设计了光谱可形变卷积，提出了光谱可形变卷积网络SDCNN（Spectral Deformable Convolutional Neural Network）。首先，利用全连接层学习光谱可形变卷积的偏移量，采用线性差值对图像光谱维进行特征校准；其次，采用多层1×1卷积进行光谱维特征聚合；最后，使用三维卷积层提取光谱—空间联合特征。不同于空间可形变卷积，光谱可形变卷积只在光谱维上进行偏移，可以为不同类别选择更合适的特征波段，提升模型的判别性。在国际通用测试数据Indian Pines、University of Pavia以及University of Houston上进行了实验，结果表明：本文提出的SDCNN方法优于其他深度学习方法，在相同样本条件下取得了更高的分类精度，总体精度达到了98.86%（Indian Pines，10%/类）、99.81%（University of Pavia，5%/类）以及97.41%（University of Houston，50个/类），验证了该方法的有效性。
Abstract
Currently
convolutional neural network is a research hot spot in hyperspectral image classification. Some advanced models such as dilated convolution and deformable convolution have been developed successfully. However
the existing deformable convolution modules only shift in spatial domain and ignore the spectral difference information. Therefore
this paper proposed a novel deformable convolution
which extends spatial deformable to the spectral domain. In addition
a spectral deformable convolutional neural network (SDCNN) is proposed for hyperspectral image classification. In view of the existing problems in the application of spatial deformable convolution in HSI classification
this paper extends the deformable convolution to the spectral dimension
and proposes the spectral deformable convolution. Given that different feature categories may have different classification effects
more appropriate classification bands can be selected for different class by the learnt shifts in spectral domain. Therefore
the spectral feature extraction can focus on more effective band
thereby promoting more discriminative features. In this way
only one direction of spectral dimension needs to be learned
which reduces computational complexity
that is
only half of the occupying time than that of spatial deformable convolution. First
a full connection layer is used to learn the offset of the spectral deformable convolution
and a linear difference is used to perform feature correction in spectral domain. Second
a multilayer 1×1 convolution is used for spectral feature aggregation. Finally
a 3D convolution layer is used to extract spectral–spatial features. Experiments were conducted on three international popular datasets including Indian Pines
University of Pavia
and University of Houston. The experimental results demonstrate that the SDCNN is superior to other deep learning methods. SDCNN yields the highest classification accuracy with an overall accuracy of 98.86% (Indian pines
10%/class)
99.81% (University of Pavia
5%/class)
and 97.41% (University of Houston
50/class)
which can well verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. First
through comprehensive experiments
SDCNN yields the highest accuracy compared with other existing models on three international popular datasets
which can prove the validity of the SDCNN method. Second
the effectiveness of the spectral deformable convolution module is proven by comparing the traditional dilated convolution module and the spatial deformable convolution module. SDCNN generalizes better with limited training samples
especially when the number of labeled samples is small
The stability of classification performance of SDCNN method is proved;. Finally
In the experiment of separating samples
SDCNN method achieves the best classification effect compared with other methods
and has obvious accuracy advantages compared with spatial deformable convolution method
which proves that SDCNN method has less dependence on spatial features and stronger feature extraction ability.
关键词
深度学习高光谱图像分类卷积神经网络可形变卷积
Keywords
deep learninghyperspectral image classificationconvolutional neural networkdeformable convolution
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南京信息工程大学 遥感与测绘工程学院
北京师范大学 遥感科学国家重点实验室
武汉大学 测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室
中国地质大学(武汉) 地球物理与空间信息学院
河北工业大学 电子与信息工程学院
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