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Received：09 January 2021，
Published：07 December 2021
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世界遗产地江苏盐城滨海湿地是亚洲最重要的丹顶鹤越冬栖息地之一，近几十年来，由于农业、工业、水产养殖业及城镇化等人类活动的加强，湿地系统的格局发生了巨大变化，丹顶鹤适宜生境出现急剧退化。本研究利用1989年—2019年间的多时相遥感数据对盐城滨海湿地进行分类，分析湿地系统的格局变化及丹顶鹤生境连接度的动态变化。研究结果表明，过去30年盐城滨海湿地中自然湿地呈现快速退化，其面积减少49.46%；而人工湿地面积增长69.24%，其面积增加主要通过占用自然湿地和围垦填海的方式来实现，围垦重心具有自北向南和从陆到海方向迁移的趋势。其中，作为丹顶鹤适宜生境的碱蓬盐沼和盐碱地的面积减少了489.10 km²，适宜生境面积占比从1989年19.88%降至2019年4.36%。结构连接度计算结果显示，适宜生境斑块的连接度指数从1.83下降至1.30，斑块间距离增大，破碎化加剧；而功能连接度的计算结果显示，2019年整体连接度指数和概率连接度指数均小于0.01，连接网络总体破碎，适宜生境连接网络存在于小区域范围，区域连接网络主要集中在中介度指数高的遗产地核心区和条子泥湿地，它们是丹顶鹤适宜生境的关键节点。遗产地核心区自2014年实行退耕还湿、退渔还湿等措施以来，丹顶鹤适宜生境有了很大改善。建议除了加强对现有丹顶鹤适宜生境区域的科学保护外，应加大对关键节点自然湿地的恢复力度，提高丹顶鹤适宜生境斑块间的连接度。
The Yancheng coastal wetland in Jiangsu province
as a UNESCO (United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization) natural heritage site with an area of 2687 km²
is one of the most important habitats for the overwintering of red-crowned cranes in Asia. In recent decades
due to the combined effects of intensive human activities in sectors
such as industry
agriculture
aquaculture
and urbanization
the pattern of coastal wetland system and the suitable habitat for red-crowned cranes have changed dramatically. Therefore
the spatio-temporal variation pattern of coastal wetland system must be identified
and its key impact factors must be explored to protect the coastal wetland and conserve its biodiversity. Currently
research on land cover changes in the Yancheng coastal wetland is insufficient for species habitat monitoring. Thus
further study on the suitable habitat for red-crowned cranes in a long-term and large regional scale is warranted.
In this study
multi-temporal and multi-source remote sensing data
such as Landsat TM/OLI data during 1989 to 2019 and Sentinel-2 data in 2019
were used to analyze the features of spatio-temporal variation in the Yancheng coastal wetland. First
the classification system and image interpretation symbols of the study area were established to draw the maps of classification and transfer distribution in six periods from 1989 to 2019. Then
the structural and functional connectivity of the suitable habitat for red-crowned cranes were evaluated on the basis of the species diffusion ability. Finally
the key ecological nodes for the overwintering of red-crowned cranes were evaluated.
Results show that the eco-environment of natural wetland has degraded rapidly
with an area loss of 49.46%. Contrastingly
the artificial wetland increased by 69.24%
which was mainly realized by occupying the natural wetland and reclaiming the tidal flat. The center of reclamation tended to migrate from north to south and from coastal land to sea. The area of seepweed saltmarsh and alkaline land as suitable habitat decreased by 489.10 km²
with a proportion decreased from 19.88% in 1989 to 4.36% in 2019. As for structural connectivity
our results reveal that the connectance index of suitable habitat patches decreased from 1.83 to 1.30
showing a downward trend. The distance between the patches increased and the fragmentation intensified. Concurrently
the estimations of functional connectivity index demonstrate that the integral and probability indexes of connectivity in 2019 are less than 0.01. The functional connectivity decreased
and the connection network was generally broken with only a small part of the connection network with high betweenness centrality index. They exist in the core area of UNESCO natural heritage site and the Tiaozini region. They are also the key ecological nodes for the habitat of red-crowned cranes.
In summary
the connectivity of the suitable habitat for red-crowned cranes has decreased sharply because of land cover changes in the UNESCO natural heritage site—Yancheng coastal wetland in the past 30 years. However
the habitat for red-crowned cranes has been greatly improved since the core area has reverted aquaculture pond and cultivated land to natural wetland in 2014. In addition to enhancing the scientific conservation of the existing suitable habitat
such as the core area of UNESCO natural heritage site and Tiaozini region
the key ecological nodes in the natural wetland should be restored to improve the connectivity among the habitat patches.
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