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Received：02 December 2021，
Published：07 May 2023
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以地面稳定目标为参考的网络化定标技术已经成为国际定标领域的研究热点。它利用多次观测的方式减小独立测量不确定性，不仅可极大提升定标校验频次，还可有效提高总体定标精度。基于此，本文利用长时间序列Aqua/MODIS和Landsat 8/TIRS热红外数据，对国际卫星对地观测委员会定标与真实性检验组6个伪不变定标场、敦煌定标场以及格尔木大灶火地区的地表热辐射及大气特性进行了系统性分析，建立了热红外陆表稳定目标甄选标准，即空间亮温标准差低于0.3 K，发射率时间变异系数低于2%，旨在甄选适用于热红外载荷网络化定标的陆表参考目标，以支持热红外载荷在轨辐射定标精度的提升。结果表明：在1 km空间尺度下满足甄选标准的区域分别为：Libya1_1 km、Libya4_1 km、Algeria3_1 km、Algeria5_1 km、Mauritania1_1 km、Mauritania2_1 km、敦煌_1 km及格尔木_1 km，其中，Libya4_1 km面积最大，为75 km
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75 km；格尔木_1 km面积最小，为3 km
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3 km；对于100 m空间尺度，在Libya1_1km、Mauritania1_1km、Mauritania2_1km以及敦煌_1km共甄选出7个满足阈值的区域，最大面积为30 km
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30 km，最小面积为5 km
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5 km；Libya1_1 km、Mauritania1_1 km、Mauritania2_1 km以及敦煌_1 km目标区域的空间均一性受空间尺度影响较小，适用于多种空间分辨率热红外载荷定标与真实性检验。
Networked calibration technology using the Earth surface with suitable characteristics as a reference has become a hot topic in the international calibration field. This technology can reduce the uncertainty of independent measurement by means of multiple observations
so calibration frequency and accuracy can be effectively improved. In this study
long-time series of Aqua/MODIS and Landsat8/TIRS thermal infrared data are used to systematically analyze the surface thermal radiation and atmospheric characteristics of eight targets
namely
six pseudo-invariant calibration sites recommended by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites and the Working Group on Calibration & Validation
the Dunhuang site
and the Geermu Dazaohuo area. Meanwhile
a criterion for selecting land surface stable targets is proposed. Specifically
the criterion states that the spatial standard deviation of brightness temperature should be less than 0.3 K
and the emissivity temporal variation coefficient should be less than 2% so that land surface stable targets suitable for the networked calibration of thermal infrared payloads can be selected for improving the in-orbit calibration accuracy of thermal infrared payloads.
To analyze the applicability of each target area at different spatial resolutions
spatial uniformity and temporal stability are evaluated at 1 km spatial resolution by using MODIS/MYD02_1KM and MODIS/MYD21 thermal infrared data
and the uniform and stable area is obtained. On this basis
spatial uniformity is evaluated at 100 and 500 m spatial resolutions by using Landsat8 thermal infrared data. Then
the uniform and stable regions are obtained at 100 and 500 m spatial resolutions. In addition
to analyze the scale characteristics
this study compares two brightness temperature SDs at 500 m spatial resolution with different features; one is the original 500 m
and the other one is downscaled from 100 m.
Results show that the areas that meet the selection criteria at 1 km spatial resolution are Libya1_1 km
Libya4_1 km
Algeria3_1 km
Algeria5_1 km
Mauritania1_1 km
Mauritania2_1 km
Dunhuang_1 km
and Geermu_1 km. Among them
Libya4_1 km has the largest area of 75 km×75 km
and Geermu_1 km has the smallest area of 3 km×3 km. At 100 m spatial resolution
seven regions are selected further from Libya_1 km
Mauritania1_1 km
Mauritania2_1 km
and Dunhuang_1 km. In these regions
the maximum area is 30 km×30 km
and the minimum area is 5 km×5 km. In addition
the spatial uniformity of Libya1_1 km
Mauritania1_1 km
Mauritania2_1 km
and Dunhuang_1 km is not sensitive to the spatial scale
indicating that that these areas are suitable for the in-orbit calibration of thermal infrared payloads at various spatial resolutions.
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