最新刊期
卷 15 ， 期 2 ， 2011
- 摘要：What the future integrated watershed management patterns requires is that data,information,and knowledge can flow freely among all the managers,scientists,engineers and stakeholders.Basin-scale data acquisition,information extraction,and knowledge abstraction are the basis for such activities.Satellite remote sensing technology provides a new technological means for this mode of management.In the past,the application of remote sensing in watershed management was limited,due to the difficulty in obtaining data and the scarcity of the application methods.This paper introduces the progress of watershed management and its requirements for data and methods;analyzes the progress of remote sensing methods used in watershed management and its development potential,and proposes two types of remote sensing methods for watershed management including remote sensing coprocessing（as inversion） and watershed space management.Furthermore,taking the Hai Basin as a typical study area,the research results about the watershed remote sensing methods and application cases obtained from a sub-project of the Key Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences,which is called the "Environmental Effects Monitoring and Evaluation of the Hai Basin Management Project Using Remote Sensing" were introduced,and the prospects of remote sensing for watershed management in the future will be demonstrated.关键词：watershed remote sensing;cooperative inversion;watershed space management;water resources;eco-environment;Hai Basin
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Evapotranspiration（ET） is not only an important part of the coupled Eco-Hydrological processes,but also primary way of eco-agricultural consumption.A better description of the temporal-spatial pattern of a watershed greatly will enhance people’s understanding of hydrological processes and the water management approach.As quantitative measurement of surface heterogeneity,remote sensing and surface observations are combined to develop operational methods and determine eco-hydrological variables.ETWatch is such an operational platform which is designed for practical needs of watershed planning and agricultural water management using remote sensing techniques that can describe the spatial distribution and time process of surface net radiation,sensible heat,and latent heat（ET）.The reviewing of algorithms and approaches show that the parametric approach is the core component to improve the accuracy of ET estimation at regional scale and apply remote sensed ET for practical goals.The other bottlenecks include scaling,multi-source data integration and validation of modeling.Potential approaches used in ETWatch to the above issues are summarized and commented.关键词：remote sensing;evapotranspiration;parametric method;ETWatch;validation;calibration
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Satellite imagery provides an unprecedented spatial distribution of critical land surface parameters.Numerous physical and empirical remote sensing-based models,in conjunction with ancillary surface and atmospheric data,have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration（ET） in the quantitative thermal remote sensing field.ETWatch is an operational scheme for watershed ET monitoring,which is designed to integrate with various types of remote-sensed ET models to obtain continuous ET maps.To reduce the errors from modeling,we improved ETWatch to carry out calibration on key variables such as surface temperature,ground temperature difference,short-wave and long-wave radiation,water heat flux,and sensible heat flux,using ground measurement data.The validation results show that the calibration greatly improved the accuracy of ET products,and the importance of calibration cannot be overemphasized in applications used in watershed water management.关键词：evapotranspiration;quantitative remote sensing;energy balance;Hai Basin;ETWatch;PEST
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Construction of a high-resolution remote-sensing evapotranspiration（ET） dataset is restricted by remote sensing data sources and clouds.Single remote sensor data cannot cover the land with high spatial and temporal resolution.In this paper,we analyzed the spatial characteristics of different scale ET data in ETWatch,compared several common fusion methods,and analyzed the data characteristics and information before and after data fusion.We integrated the spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model（STARFM） into ETWatch to fuse different scale remote sensing ET data.The results show that the STARFM fusion method effectively can integrate the spatial and temporal distribution information of high & low resolution data,with an average error of 1.75%,compared with input of 1 km daily ET,with a monthly average error of 0.2% compared with input of 1km month ET.The STARFM model is adaptive to fusing different scales of ET data.关键词：data fusion;ETWatch;evapotranspiration;TM;MODIS
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：The performance of evapotranspiration（ET） temporal scaling methods is affected by a number of factors.This paper compares the statistical characteristics of actual ET data measured by Lysimeter with ET data estimated on the basis of temporal scaling models.The study shows that on an "hourly-to-daily" scaling basis,the measured daily ET data show a closer agreement with the ET data estimated on the basis of surface resistance using morning measurements than with ET data estimated on the basis of evaporative fraction and crop coefficient.Additionally,the observed daily ET data show a closer agreement with ET data estimated on the basis of crop coefficient by using afternoon measurements than with ET data estimated using evaporative fraction and surface resistance.On a "daily-to-seasonal" scaling basis,the measured ET data show a higher correlation with ET data estimated on the basis of crop coefficient than that with data estimated on the basis of evaporative fraction and surface resistance.From the view of these results,we recommend considering the particular weather region,crop growing conditions,soil moisture content,temporal scale and observation facilities available before selecting an ET temporal scaling method for a given site.关键词：evapotranspiration;lysimeter;temporal scaling;evaporative fraction;crop coefficient;surface resistance
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：The basin level water balance analysis is the core of water resource evaluation and rational management.A method of basin level water consumption balance is presented in this paper,based on evapotranspiration estimated by remote sensing and combining statistic data.In a case study,we analyzed the water consumption balance in the Hai Basin from 2002 to 2007 and found the average water storage change to be-6.23 billion cubic meters.The agriculture sector is one of the biggest consumers of water resources,accounting for 54.3% of the total water consumption,although the inter-annual change ranges are lower（-5% to 8%）.The water resource problems are discussed in this paper based on the analysis of changes in water storage and the evapotranspiration structure,and some suggestions for region water source management and water-saving society construction are proposed.关键词：water consumption balance;remote sensing;Hai Basin;evapotranspiration;industrial water consumption;living water consumption
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Agricultural water productivity is an important indicator to assess the effect of irrigation water management and water conservation.In this paper,a method is presented to calculate water productivity based on evapotranspiration（ET） and dry matter（DM） estimated by remote sensing data.Water productivity data are calculated and analyzed in the plain of Hai Basin from 2003 to 2008.The results show that water productivity data estimated by remote sensing can reflect spatial differences in the amount of water output per cubic meter.The average water productivity for the plain of the Hai Basin is 0.99 kg/m3,the range is 0.02—2.13 kg/m3,and the overall level is low with a big difference between north and south.The relationship between yield and water productivity shows a high linear correlation（R=0.97）,and increasing yield production remains an important direction for improving the water productivity level in the basin.The curves between water productivity change with ET and yield changes with ET are similar,keeping stable after a linear increasing trend.When the water consumption of the wheat-and-maize rotation region is between 335—575 mm,water is the main limiting factor for yield production.When water consumption is higher than 575 mm,the harvest index is another important limiting factor for yield production except available water.关键词：Hai Basin;water productivity;evapotranspiration;dry matter;irrigation water saving index
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Regional water balance analysis is the foundation that will guarantee the sustainable and scientific use of water resources and the sustainable development of the economy.In this study,the CPSP hydrological model is selected as the regional waterbalance analysis tool for Daxing District.The model is validated with the 3 types of data as the runoff data from the Integrated Planning of Water Resource in Daxing District of Beijing,the evapotranspiration data estimated by remote sensing-based model（RS-ET）,and the groundwater monitoring data,respectively.The calculated runoff data are basically consistent with that of the Integrated Planning of Water Resource in Daxing District,Beijing.Meantime the dynamic variation of evapotranspiration（ET） and groundwater reserves are better simulated by the CPSP hydrological model.Serving as the basis for this study,the current water resources for 2004 and 2005 are evaluated,in which the water shortages are 0.72×108 m3 and 1.80×108 m3,respectively.关键词：CPSP hydrological model;regional water balance analysis;RS-ET;groundwater resources
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：In this study,we analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of irrigation water requirements in the North China Plain using soil water balance,precipitation,and evapotranspiration.The soil parameters are taken from 76 sites,the precipitation data is taken from 14 meteorological stations,and evapotranspiration is estimated by using the ETWatch model for the period from 2002 to 2007.We further analyze the quantitative relationships among irrigation water requirement,precipitation and the cultivated crop-area by using multiple regression correlation analysis.The results show an increase in the irrigation water requirements from the coastal to the piedmont regions of the study area.The average annual irrigation water requirements are 172 mm,238 mm and 282 mm,respectively,in the Taihang Mountain piedmont,the middle plain,and the coastal region.The main driving factors of irrigation water requirements are precipitation and the cultivated areas of wheat and vegetables.In the study area,precipitation is inversely related to the irrigation water requirement.A high irrigation water requirement is found in counties with high cultivated areas of wheat and vegetables.Meanwhile,a low irrigation water requirement is found in counties with high cultivated areas of cotton and soybean.关键词：North China Plain;ETWatch;evapotranspiration;irrigation water requirement;multiple regression correlation;driving factor
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：The efficacy of water saving efforts in a region is often evaluated using only a single index measuring a specific industry or user,seldom examining the overall effect of efforts over the whole of the region.In this paper,a new method,referred to as baseline comparison,is used to evaluate the overall effect of water saving efforts in a region to determine the water utilization rate as well as the level at which water use is sustainable.The method takes target evapotranspiration（ET） and the theoretical change in groundwater level as the evaluation baseline,which is then compared with two evaluation indices:actual regional evapotranspiration（ET） and actual change in groundwater level calculated by remote sensing.This method is applied in Daxing District of Beijing,producing evaluation results consistent with measurements.A new evaluation method of the overall effect of water saving efforts in a region is proposed.
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Four phases of wetland thematic maps for 1980,1990,2000,and 2007 were mapped fromLandsat MSS/TM/ETM+ remote sensing images.The wetland landscape pattern changing,the regional climate changing,and the human activities’ impact were analyzed.We concluded that:（1） The shrinking trend of the natural wetlands is significant,with total area decreasing from 5360 km2 to 4331 km2 within the period from 1980 to 2007.The man-made wetland areas increasing from 3492 km2 to 5245 km2 within the period from 1980 to 1990,and then decreasing to 4499 km2 in 2007;（2） The plains wetlands spread firstly and then shrank along with the changes in agricultural wetlands.The mountain wetland areas have shrunk gradually mainly because of the decreasing of rivers and river flood plains;（3） In the Grade Ⅲ water resources regions,the rivers and agricultural wetlands of the downstream plains of the Ziyahe River and the Beisanhe River are the most dramatically changed wetland types in the natural and man-made wetlands in the plain area of the Basin.The rivers and river flood plains in the mountain areas of the Yongdinghe River,the Ziyahe River,the Daqinghe River are the mostly changed natural wetlands,and the reservoirs in the mountain areas of the Yongdinghe River,the Beisanhe River and the Daqinghe River are the mostly changed man-made wetlands;（4） Until 1980,the rivers wetlands have been found distributed,widely and afterwards reducing,comparing with the spreading of the other wetland types such as agricultural,reservoirs,marine aquaculture fields and brine pans as well as the shallow waters;（5） Influenced by the climate changes and human activities,the wetland landscape patches are becoming fragmented,and their spatial distribution is becoming homogenized and isolated.Among the influences mentioned above,temperature is the main natural factor that influences the wetland changes,and total population changes and food production are the main human activity factors.关键词：wetland;landscape pattern;influencing factors;remote sensing monitoring;Hai Basin
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Based on the experience of factors selection and integration for soil erosion monitoring,which were used in USLE,we evaluated the soil erosion risk in the Hai Basin and analyzed its spatial distribution under the support of RS and GIS.The results show that soil erosion risk in the mountainous area is remarkably higher than that in the plains area.In different mountain regions,soil erosion risk was highest in the Taihang Mountain area,lowest in the Beisanhe Mountain area,and the upstream of the Yongdinghe River has a level between them.Low soil erosion risk is located mainly in the plains area of gradients less than 5°,medium and higher risk are situated mostly in the areas with a gradient between 8° and 15° or 15° and 25°,which accounts for 65% of the total.The percentage of high soil erosion risk area increased as the slope gradient increased.Paddy fields have a lower soil erosion risk,and scrublands and grasslands are the primary land-use types with medium and high soil erosion risks,accounting for approximately 59.67%.In the future,water and soil conservation experts should focus on high soil erosion risk areas in order to create effective preventive measures.关键词：USLE;remote sensing;GIS;soil erosion risk
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Impervious surface coverage in a region is not only an indicator of the degree of urbanization but also a major indicator of environmental quality.Most of the existing methods of extracting impervious surface based on remote sensing concentrate on an urban scale,but the rapid and accurate methods of extracting impervious surfaces in a basin scale are nearly nonexistent in China and abroad.In this study,we used Landsat images acquired in same season covering the entire Hai Basin as data source,and generated a mask for removing the non-impervious surfaces using a land-use data set of roads,and urban,rural,and industrial land.Then,by selecting bright and dark vegetation endmember,high albedo and low albedo impervious surface endmember,and dry and wet soil endmember,we applied a Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis（MESMA） model to extract impervious surfaces in the basin scale.The accuracy assessment results showed high accuracy,in that the mean relative error（MRE） and correlation coefficient（R） of all samples were 12.1% and 0.83,respectively,which indicated that the method of extracting impervious surfaces in a basin scale was feasible.关键词：impervious surface;basin scale spectral mixture analysis;remote sensing;Hai Basin
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：In this study,based on the RS and GIS systems,AVHRR/NDVI data of 8 km resolution and meteorological data were used to analyze NDVI,annual precipitation,and temperature change rates by pixel from 1981 to 2000.In addition,the correlation between NDVI,annual rainfall,and annual average air temperature were calculated.The results showed that annual precipitation increased in the northern and southern areas of the Hai Basin from 1981 to 2000 while declining in the central area,with a range of-80 to 80 mm/10 a（’a’ represents a year）.As basin-wide temperatures increased,the Wutai Mountains area had the most significant increase,up to about 2℃/10 a.The NDVI reduced significantly in Beijing,Tianjin and other large adjacent cities,with a change rate of about-0.8 NDVI/10 a while increasing in the southeast part of the plains of the Hai Basin and the Yanshan Mountains,at about 0.8 NDVI/10 a.The correlation between NDVI,precipitation,and air temperature had significant spatial variation.In the cold and wet areas of the Hai Basin,such as the grasslands in the upstream areas of the Luanhe River and the area of the Wutai Mountains,the vegetation index is not sensitive to precipitation while it is correlated positively with the air temperature.In the warm and wet climate areas,such as the south end of the Taihang Mountains,the precipitation affected vegetation growth when it increased.In dry conditions,such as the eastern coastal plain and north of the Yanshan Mountains of the Hai Basin,NDVI significantly was correlated positively with precipitation and negatively with air temperature.In the irrigated agriculture areas of the piedmont plain,crop growth was not sensitive to climate changes.关键词：NDVI;climate changes;temperature;precipitation;Hai Basin
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发布时间：2021-06-10
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