最新刊期
卷 17 ， 期 6 ， 2013
- 摘要：Limb sounding technique is an important tool for remote observations of Earth’s middle atmosphere.It aimed at an altitude of about 10—100 km.Compared with the nadir viewing,limb sounding has a higher vertical resolution.Recently,sub-millimeter（0.1—1.0 mm or 300 GHz—3 THz） limb sounding technique has been developed,which can detect the halogen elements a ssociated with the O 3 processes,a special significance for atmospheric environmental monitoring of the ozone layer.This study o verviews five limb sounders（Odin/SMR,EOS AURA/MLS,JEM/SMILES,MASTER and SOPRANO） and their reversion s ystems.Sub-millimeter limb sounding from space has several advantages.The sounders always have higher spectral resolutions and broader bandwidth.Furthermore,many trace gases have spectral emissions in sub-millimeter ranges.Sub-millimeter limb sounding can provide many species of Cl y and Br y with higher precision.The uncertainty of the retrieval profiles of ClO and HCl can be less than 10%.All the reversion systems of the five sub-millimeter limb sounders are based on the OEM（Optimal Estimation Method） with Gauss-Newton or Levenberg-Marquardt iterative.Since the sub-millimeter limb sounding can reach troposphere,the forward model has to consider the multi-scattering by clouds.关键词：sub-millimeter;limb sounding;SMR;MLS;JEM /SMILES;MASTER;SOPRANO
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：The power spectrum of the fractal sea-wave model is unable to satisfy the positive power law when spatial wave numbers are smaller than the fundamental wave number.To address this problem,a one-dimensional sea-wave model was proposed by combining the statistical sea model and the normalization band-limited Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal sea model.With the proposed method,the closed form expression of the power sea-wave spectrum was calculated,and the power sea-wave spectrum was compared with the results in literature.Electromagnetic scattering coefficient of the improved model based on the Kirchhoff approximation was derived.The Hurst parameters of the scattering coefficient against time were calculated and its fractal dimension was derived.Simulation results show that the power sea-wave spectrum corresponds to the common spectrum of Pierson-Moskowitz and the real data of the South China Sea.Thus,the accuracy of the improved model was validated.The received signal against time was plotted as the fractal curve,whose fractal dimension is equal to that of the sea surface.关键词：fractal model;statistical model;electromagnetic scattering;Fractal dimension
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Targeting at processing and analyzing the data of millimeter-wave radars,backscattering and extinction cross sections of non-spherical ice crystals are obtained and parameterized using Discrete Dipole Approximation（DDA） method.Sampling for 1330 times（representing 1330 Particles Size Distribution（PSD） of ice crystals）,attenuation coefficient（k） and radar reflectivity factor（Z e） are calculated based on a refined model for representing the ice hydrometeors by assuming gamma PSD.The accurate formulas of k-Z e relationships are derived using numerical simulation for W（94 GHz） and Ka（35 GHz） band radar.The results show that non-spherical and non-Rayleigh scattering effects of ice crystals on 94 GHz radar attenuation are larger than that on 35 GHz.The attenuation at 94 GHz is more than that at 35 GHz with the same PSD,and that the impacts of ice clouds models on k-Z e relations are remarkable.The results may be suitable for attenuation correction of non-precipitating ice clouds in midlatitude for millimeter-wave radars and provide a reference for millimeter-wave cloud radars in China.关键词：non-spherical ice crystals;millimeter-wave radar;k-Ze relation;Discrete Dipole Approximation（DDA） method
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Spectral data of Soil Iron Oxide（SIO） content and Soil Organic Matter（SOM） content in 253 soil samples from Hunan,Zhejiang and Fujian provinces were analyzed to investigate the effect of SIO content on spectral characteristics and quantification by remote sensing inversion of SOM content.Results showed the following:the characteristic wave band of SIO content ranges from 600 nm to 1400 nm; if SIO content < 20 g / kg,the Spectral Information（SI） of SOM content would not be affected by that of SIO; 20 g/kg < SIO content <30 g/kg,SI in the visible band of SOM content would be influenced; SIO content > 30 g/kg,SI of SIO would cover up that of SOM content.When the ratio of SIO content to SOM content was less than 0.726,SI of SIO content would not affect that of SOM content; when SIO content / SOM content ranged from 1.05 to 2,HI in the range of 400 nm to 1 300 nm band of SOM content would be highly influenced,whereas HI in the range of 1300 nm to 2400 nm would be slightly a ffected;when SIO content / SOM content ratio was more than 2.21,SI of SOM content would be completely covered by that of SIO content.SIO content affected quantificational remote sensing inversion of SOM.The inversion accuracy and stability of p rediction model estimating SOM content decreased with the increase in SIO content or the ratio of SIO content to SOM content.However,SIO content slightly affected quantificational inversion of SOM when SIO content was less than 20 g / kg or SIO content / SOM content was less than 2.0.关键词：iron oxide;organic matter;Spectral characteristics;inversion;influence
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Six rice reflectance spectra in LOPEX 93 database were used as samples for decomposition into 10-layer signals based on the one-dimensional discrete wavelet types HAAR,DB4 and SYM4.The goals of this work were to reconstruct the signal through wavelet approximation coefficients and to calculate the wavelet fractal dimension of the reconstruction signal using the walking divider method.On each scale,we have determined the wavelet fractal dimension,wavelet detail coefficient variance,wavelet detail coefficient entropy,and approximate wavelet coefficient reconstruction curve variance.The results show fractal characteristics present in rice spectra,and proved the validity of fractal calculation by correlation coefficients greater than 0.9.The four parameters revealed that the turning point of the rice spectral characteristic scale is present on the sixth scale when rice spectral r esolution is less than 64 nm,in order to better reflect spectral peak-valley specific features.Through the measurement of 18 rice spectra in the field, this conclusion is further evidenced by two kinds of vegetation indexes and the correlation coefficients of two kinds of vegetation indexes and chlorophyll values on each scale.关键词：discrete wavelet;Fractal;spectral resolution;characteristic scale;rice
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Manifold coordinates from Isometric mapping（Isomap） and Local Tangent Space Alignment（LTSA） preserve the spectral features of ground objects from Hyperspectral Imagery（HSI） through nonlinear dimensionality reduction.However,the theoretical differences result in differing capabilities in preserving spectral features.Thus,a comparison of two coordinates can make the underlying features prominent.Therefore,this paper proposes an innovative method called Difference Maps from Manifold Coordinates（DMMC）,which is based on Isomap and LTSA,to extract underlying features.First,spectral interpretations are matched with both coordinates and ensured to preserve the same spectral features.Second,the Isomap and LTSA coordinates are transformed into a uniform system using coordinate normalization and axis-direction adjustment.Finally,the difference maps are obtained through subtraction operations between the weighted manifold maps,and underlying features are extracted using classical image processing approaches.Two case studies are performed to evaluate the proposed method,and the results are compared with those obtained u sing Isomap and LTSA.The results show that DMMC outperforms Isomap and LTSA in extracting underlying features,such as the underlying shallow water near the river bank and the low spatial-resolution road in the large image scene of a swamp.This method provides a novel scheme for extracting underlying features from HSI data.关键词：hyperspectral imagery;nonlinear dimensionality reduction;Isometric mapping;local tangent space alignment;difference maps from manifold coordinates
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：In this paper we analyze the geometry mechanism of Synthetical Aperture Radar（SAR） imaging,and propose the Range-Cocone equation with Doppler parameter（RCD） for SAR imagery positioning taking linear and angular elements as orientation parameters.A serial of tests are taken that include orientation with single image,free-net adjustment without Ground Control Point（GCP）,block adjustment with sparse GCPs,and block adjustment with self-calibration parameters.The test datasets covered a part of Dengfeng suburb are 99 airborne SAR images with 0.5 m resolution and non-zero doppler parameter.Compared to R-D model,the presented RCD model decreases the number of orientation parameters and is convenient for adjustment combining SAR imagery with POS data.RCD based block adjustment model with self-calibration parameters can increase the accuracy greatly in the case where SAR sensor is not calibrated,or calibrated coarsely Tests also indicate that the airborne SAR imagery and the proposed positioning model can meet the accuracy requirement for aerial triangulation at the scale of 1∶5000 /1∶10000 over hill and mountainous areas with sparse GCPs.关键词：SAR imagery positioning;Range-Cocone equation with Doppler frequency;block adjustment;aerial triangulation;e xterior orientation elements;self-calibration
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Due to the shortage of single-scale accuracy assessment methods,this paper proposes a multi-scale accuracy assessment method based on histo-variograms,which assesses the accuracy of land cover datasets on a pixel and sub-pixel scale.On a pixel scale,a standing-pixel is introduced as the sample tool to accurately assess datasets directly,whereas on a sub-pixel scale,a nonstrictly defined standing-pixel and histo-variogram are applied to evaluate the accuracy of the dominant type in a mixed pixel with different areas and spatial structures.Taking as the experimental area a typical region in northern Zhejiang Province,China,and Landsat TM / ETM + images as the reference data,accuracy assessment experiments of five large-scale land cover datasets,i.e., UMD,IGBP DISCover,MOD12Q1-2001,GLC2000 and GlobCover2009 are carried out.The result shows that the proposed multiscale accuracy assessment method can provide a comprehensive evaluation of datasets along with abundant multi-scale accuracy information.The accuracy assessment on a pixel scale can eliminate the error caused by spatial disagreement between reference data and datasets,making the result more objective,while the accuracy assessment on a sub-pixel scale can effectively reflect the relationship between the accuracy and feature attributes,which refers to the feature’s spatial structure and area.关键词：Accuracy assessment;histo-variogram;large-scale land cover datasets;multi-scale;northern part of Zhejiang Province
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：A priori knowledge plays an important role in the retrieval of surface albedo from satellite observations.Here a BRDF archetype database is built according to Anisotropic Flat Index（AFX） which can identify surface reflectance anisotropy.Then a method to derive land surface albedo from spare observations and BRDF archetype is presented.Albedos from all the observations and full inversion method are used to validate the albedo estimation from our method.Compared results show that,when the observations that have view zenith angles less than 40° are not on the cross-principle plane can only represent part of reflectance anisotropy.Compared with full inversion method,the maximum absolute error of BRDF archetype inversion method is 0.036,and the relative error is improved about 5% —10%.For those observations are located on the cross-principle plane,the largest absolute difference of full inversion method is up to 0.18 due to the insufficient and spare angular samples.However,the BRDF archetype inversion method appears more accurate.In sum,BRDF archetype inversion method constrains BRDF shape over the entire space and was less dependent on the distribution of the observations.It was also less sensitive to noise.For the multi-angle data that have insufficient information,BRDF archetype method is preferred than full inversion method.关键词：AFX;BRDF archetype;archetype inversion;full inversion;albedo
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：This paper proposes a new automated hierarchical segmentation method with introduced relaxation factors for processing high-resolution remote sensing imagery,which aims to provide a theoretical framework in setting the scale parameters and r educing the influence of human factors.The first relaxation factor is used to adjust the heterogeneity between the image-objects to be merged,thus improving the speed of the entire segmentation by controlling the number of image-objects in each recursive m erging.With the mean of the heterogeneity between image-objects taken as the cardinality,the second relaxation factor is introduced to control the scaling parameter of the levels exported in the process of segmentation,automatically producing multi-scale hierarchical segmentation results.The experimental results show that this method produces segmentation with higher quality,which meets the accuracy requirements of further image analysis and geographic object extraction.Other theoretical and practical contributions of this method include reducing the influence of human factors and improving the level of automation in segmentation.F urther investigation is still required with respect to processing the boundaries of geographic objects with complex image,and i ncreasing the compactness and smoothness of image-objects.关键词：relaxation factor;high-resolution satellite imagery;automated hierarchical segmentation;criterion of heterogeneity;region adjacency graph
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：This paper establishes a Remote Sensing（RS） integration model of sunshine percentage and realizes its spatial distribution through the RS image data of cloud cover and ground-based observation data of sunshine percentage.The basic idea is to make up for time scarcity with surplus space.Since cloud movement is continuous,cloud cover in a certain area around a particular pixel has the potential to affect the sunshine percentage of this pixel in an RS image of cloud cover.Therefore,cloud cover can be reflected more realistically by resampling cloud cover through tracking sunshine and the movement of clouds.According to a negative correlation between the cloud cover and sunshine percentage,this paper establishes a model of RS integrated sunshine percentage and simulates the distribution of RS integrated sunshine percentage.The results show that:the re-sampled cloud cover overcomes the limitations of cloud cover observations in the same time frame.The model of RS integration of sunshine percentage o vercomes the limitation of meteorological stations in space.The simulation accuracy of the RS integrated sunshine percentage model’s relative interpolation method has been improved remarkably.RS integrated sunshine percentage has more stability and continuity in space and its simulation result is more objective.关键词：MODIS;cloud fraction;banded resample;RS integration model of sunshine percentage
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Chlorophyll Fluorescence（ChlF） is an indicator of plant photosynthesis.Satellite remote sensing can detect the ChlF at the regional or global scale.However,this application of remote sensing is a relatively new technology.The influence of atmospheric transfer makes the retrieval of ChlF from satellite remote sensing data difficult.In this paper,the ultra-spectral data of Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer（TANSO-FTS） on the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite（GOSAT） and the KPNO2010 solar irradiance spectrum were selected.A weighted least square fitting a lgorithm to retrieve ChlF based on the potassium KI solar Fraunhofer line near 770 nm was presented.The spectral condition number of the coefficient matrix was used to determine the weight coefficient of spectral radiance at the KI line.The solar-induced ChlF signals were successfully retrieved from January 2010 to June 2011 in China.Cloudy data were masked based on the cloud flag data from the TANSO-Cloud and Aerosol Imager（TANSO-CAI）.The remaining ChlF data were averaged by 2-degree grids every month.ChlF emission in southwest and central-south China is relatively high owing to high vegetation coverage and vigorous photosynthesis.The retrieved ChlF were compared with EVI,FPAR,and GPP products of MODIS,which showed similar s easonal variations.However,the seasonal variation of ChlF was found to be more sensitive and occurs earlier.Thus,ChlF can p rovide unique information on vegetation photosynthesis.This study shows that spectral resolution of the ultra-spectral data of G OSAT is adequate for ChlF retrieval,but problems remain because of atmospheric transfer disturbance and spatial resolution.关键词：chlorophyll fluorescence;satellite remote sensing;weighted least square;KI fraunhofer line;ultra-spectral
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Inconsistencies often occur among same band images from multi-source remote sensing platforms because of differences in imaging environments and satellite sensor design parameters.Differences caused by imaging environments have been explored in numerous quantitative studies.However,differences caused by the design parameters of sensors are given scant attention,thus leading to several inaccuracies and misinterpretations of study results.Therefore,based on the combination of Earth O bserving-1（EO-1） Hyperion hyperspectral data and two key functions of a sensor imaging system,i.e.,Spectral Response Function（SRF） and Point Spread Function（PSF）,Near-Infrared（NIR） band images of three typical sensors,namely,Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus（ETM +）,Terra Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer（MODIS）,and National Oceanic and A tmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer（AVHRR 3）,were simulated,compared,and consistently evaluated.The study obtained the following results.（1） The SRF can cause several discrepancies among the three simulated NIR bands,namely S MODIS,S ETM +,and S AVHRR 3.The difference between S MODIS and S ETM + was relatively small（approximately-0.940% with a mean difference of-0.675）,whereas the difference between S ETM + and S AVHRR 3 was relatively large（approximately 10.129% with a mean difference of 3.448）.Thus,a thorough evaluation of the consistency of same band images from multi-source sensors should be conducted before they could be applied to further research.（2）The accuracy of simulating moderate or low spatial resolution imagery by aggregating high spatial resolution imagery can be improved by incorporating the PSF,particularly in heterogeneous areas.（3）The simulation method adopted in this study,i.e.,EO-1 Hyperion imagery combined with the PSF and SRF of one sensor,can simulate wideband moderate-or low-resolution images of that sensor effetely with a relative mean difference less than-2.371%.This study does not only provide an effective means of evaluating the consistency of same band images from multisource wideband remote sensing platforms,but also offers a better method of selecting more accurate multi-source remotely sensed data.关键词：image simulation;data assessment;spectral response function;point spread function;hyperspectral image
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：A general mathematical model of least squares three-dimensional surface matching is proposed based on minimizing the sum of squares of the Euclidean distances between the overlapped surfaces.The least squares adjustment model of our proposed method is discussed in detail.We explain how these methods can be used for the co-registration of the real airborne laser scanner data.Concluding results of our experiment suggest that our proposed model has a good performance for transformation parameters estimation in three-dimensional surface matching procedure,and it can meet the application of strip adjustment for airborne laser scanner data.Our proposed method,which can be implemented with many conjugate points rules,is a real general mathematical model for least squares three-dimensional surface matching.关键词：three-dimensional surface matching;strip adjustment;three-dimensional similarity transformation;laser scanning
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：The characteristics of aerosol types and their temporal-spatial properties are investigated using ground-based observation data at twelve AERONET sites in China.The aerosols are categorized into six types,namely dust,mixture,strong-scattering fine Sized Particles（SS）,slightly absorbing fine Sized Particles（SA）,moderate absorbing fine Sized Particles（MA）,and high absorbing fine Sized Particles（HA）.The optical characteristics（Single Scattering Aldedo（SSA）,Asymmetry Parameter（ASY）, and Aerosol Optical Thickness（AOT）） of different aerosol types vary greatly.The aerosol types of China show high spatial variation and strong seasonal periodicity.The dust aerosols occur mainly in spring; SS aerosol types are most observed in summer; and HA aerosol types are mostly found in winter.Between 2003 and 2012,the dust,mixture,and SS aerosol types had an increasing trend,while the HA aerosol types showed an opposite tendency.Furthermore,the differences in aerosol types between China,United States,and France were studied.The HA aerosol types were in higher proportion and SS aerosol types were in lower p roportion in China than in the United States and France.关键词：aerosol types;ground-based remote sensing;optical characteristics;climate change
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Classifying and identifying different objects from the Chinese environmental satellite of HJ-1 CCD images,is difficult because only a few spectrum channels can be used for the used data.A selection of spectrum band is the key to improve classification accuracy when using the fractal texture method on features classification and identification from image data.This paper presents a case study focused on land use classification in Dingnan county,Ganzhou city,Jiangxi province.A double blanket coverage model was used to analyze the spectral characters of the six typical objects from HJ-1 CCD images.An optimal fractal spectrum selection model was adopted to pick up the optimal fractal bands in land use classification.This model was developed based on the diversity of the fractal differentiation of different objects in various spectrums bands.The classification results were validated and assessed.Results show that the proposed optimal fractal band selection model can comprehensively balance the diversity of the fractal differentiation of different objects in various spectrums bands comprehensively.Unlike in the original image classification,the use of the optimal fractal spectrum band to assist classification led to the increase in the overall classification accuracy and in the first principal component fractal by 11.77% and 1.56%,respectively.关键词：HJ-1 CCD;texture feature;fractal spectrum;land use;image classification
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：At present,optical remote sensing is the primary way to retrieve vegetation Leaf Area Index（LAI）.However,certainproblems,such as optical radiation saturation,cause low LAI reversion accuracy,especially when the LAI is large.The LAI and average leaf inclination angle are important factors affecting the reflecting and scattering characteristics of the canopy in the optical and microwave regions.Microwave remote sensing data has the potential to aid LAI retrieval to improve the problem of saturation in the optical region.In this paper,maize is used as a model system to analyze the feasibility of this method.The input parameters of PROSAIL and MIMICS were analyzed,and a unified model scene was constructed by unifying the parameters of the two models.Based on the coupled PROSAIL and MIMICS model,the parameter sensitivity analysis was conducted,and two vegetation i ndices that are more sensitive to LAI were proposed:MNDVI（800 nm,2000 nm） in the optical bands,and SAR SRVI（1.4 GHz HH,9.6 GHz HV） in the microwave bands.The two vegetation indices are sensitive to different LAI levels.The optical vegetation index,M NDVI（800 nm,2000 nm）,is sensitive to LAI ranging from 0 to 3.The RMSE and R2of the regression model are 0.33 and 0.958,r espectively,when the step of LAI change is 0.4.The microwave vegetation index,SARSRVI（1.4 GHz,9.6 GHz）,is sensitive to LAI ranging from 3 to 6.The RMSE and R2are 0.22 and 0.984,respectively,when the step of LAI change is 1.Based on our results,we c onclude that it is feasible to retrieve the LAI by piecewise vegetation indices of MNDVI（800 nm,2000 nm） and SARSRVI（1.4 GHz HH,9.6 GHz HV） to couple the advantages of the optical and microwave bands.关键词：LAI inversion saturation;average leaf angle;MIMICS;PROSAIL;polarization ratio
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：Nine Light Detection And Ranging（LiDAR） metrics were calculated and classified into three classes:canopy height, structural complexity,and cover metrics.Combined with a huge amount of field-measured structural data and estimated age data for individual trees,canopy height and structural complexity metrics were used to analyze the vertical distribution of forest canopy at both plot and regional levels.Picea crassifolia in the study area was primarily half-mature and mature stands; the complexity of the canopy vertical distribution and the differentiation grade of canopy height were low.The canopy cover metrics had a good c orrelation with the field-measured effective Plant Area Index（PAI e） according to the regression analysis（R2= 0.66）.The PAI e of the entire study area was retrieved based on the radiative transfer model and validated by field data.The retrieved PAI e was slightly higher than the field data（R2= 0.67）,and the average absolute error was 0.65.These results show the potential of LiDAR in retrieving forest structure information.关键词：airborne LiDAR;LiDAR metrics;Picea crassifolia;structural information retrieval
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：The Support Vector Data Description（SVDD） method has been recently applied to specific land-cover classifications.However,previous studies acquired pure pixels to construct the training set,which does not conform to the SVDD principle.In the present research,the study area was located in Tongzhou,Beijing.We first constructed several training sets with different spectral responses based on QuickBird image and ground truth data derived through visual interpretation.Then,two sampling schemes were adopted,selecting training samples in a given training sets and manual interpretation.Results showed that when the penalty parameter C increased or the kernel width s decreased,the volume of a hypersphere declined,thus resulting in lower producer accuracy and higher user accuracy.Based on the optimal parameters,the SVDD classifications were conducted using training samples.In the simulated experiments,when training data moved from the center to the margin of wheat distribution,the volume of a hypersphere increased,thus classification accuracy was improved.By contrast,as the outermost samples approach the boundary of wheat spectral distribution,a hyper sphere fitted by these cases can easily accept pixels of other classes.In the actual experiment,center training samples acquired according to previous literature yielded poor classification,with accuracies of 80.45% and 45.15%, from the overall and the producer perspective,respectively.However,classification using marginal training samples was more accurate,with 92.71% overall accuracy and 95.81% producer accuracy.The results demonstrated that using marginal training data could efficiently improve classification accuracy of the target class.关键词：one-class classification;Support Vector Data Description（SVDD）;hypersphere;parameter selection;center /marginal training samples;wheat
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发布时间：2021-06-10 - 摘要：<正>中国林业科学研究院研制的LiCHy机载遥感系统（LiDAR,CCD and Hyperspectral）平台,是集成了小光斑波形激光雷达、高分辨率CCD相机和高光谱传感器的综合对地观测系统,可以同时以较高的空间分辨率获取地物垂直结构、水平结构以及光谱属性信息,在森林调查、森林扰动监测、生物多样性评估、碳计量等方面具有良好的应用前景。封面图片为LiCHy机载观测系统获取的林区数据示意图。左侧从上到下分别是激光雷达数据生成的冠层高度模型CHM（分辨率为0.5m）、高光谱影像（分辨率为0.7m）和CCD影像（分辨率为0.15m）。中间是局部放大图。右侧分别是来自一棵树的LiDAR点云数据侧视图、激光雷达单脉冲回波波形数据和高光谱影像的光谱立方体。
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发布时间：2021-06-10
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