Three dimensional remote sensing for oceanography and the <italic style="font-style: italic">Guanlan</italic> ocean profiling Lidar

Junwu TANG; Ge CHEN; Weibiao CHEN; Chaofang ZHAO; Yan HE; Songhua WU; Bingyi LIU; Zhihua MAO; Huixin HE; Jie YANG; Shuguo CHEN; Lianbo Hu; Xingdao HE; Jiulin SHI; Yongchao ZHENG; Jianqiang LIU; Mingsen LIN; Lixin WU; Huadong GUO; Xingwei JIANG; Delu Pan; Yidong GU

doi:10.11834/jrs.20210495

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Three dimensional remote sensing for oceanography and the Guanlan ocean profiling Lidar
Vol. 25, Issue 1, Pages: 460-500(2021)
Published： 07 January 2021 ，
DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20210495

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唐军武，陈戈，陈卫标，赵朝方，贺岩，吴松华，刘秉义，毛志华，何惠馨，杨杰，陈树果，胡连波，何兴道，史久林，郑永超，刘建强，林明森，吴立新，郭华东，蒋兴伟，潘德炉，顾逸东.2021.海洋三维遥感与海洋剖面激光雷达.遥感学报，25（1）： 460-500

Tang J W，Chen G，Chen W B，Zhao C F，He Y，Wu S H，Liu B Y，Mao Z H，He H X，Yang J，Chen S G，Hu L B，He X D，Shi J L，Zheng Y C，Liu J Q，Lin M S，Wu L X，Guo H D，Jiang X W，Pan D L and Gu Y D. 2021. Three dimensional remote sensing for oceanography and the Guanlan ocean profiling Lidar. National Remote Sensing Bulletin， 25（1）：460-500
唐军武，陈戈，陈卫标，赵朝方，贺岩，吴松华，刘秉义，毛志华，何惠馨，杨杰，陈树果，胡连波，何兴道，史久林，郑永超，刘建强，林明森，吴立新，郭华东，蒋兴伟，潘德炉，顾逸东.2021.海洋三维遥感与海洋剖面激光雷达.遥感学报，25（1）： 460-500 DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20210495.

Tang J W，Chen G，Chen W B，Zhao C F，He Y，Wu S H，Liu B Y，Mao Z H，He H X，Yang J，Chen S G，Hu L B，He X D，Shi J L，Zheng Y C，Liu J Q，Lin M S，Wu L X，Guo H D，Jiang X W，Pan D L and Gu Y D. 2021. Three dimensional remote sensing for oceanography and the Guanlan ocean profiling Lidar. National Remote Sensing Bulletin， 25（1）：460-500 DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20210495.

摘要

本文从海洋与气候变化等重大前沿科学与应用对空间海洋观测系统的需求出发，基于当前国内外空间激光技术水平与前期海洋激光遥感的探索，提出了海洋遥感从二维向三维发展的紧迫性，并将海洋剖面探测激光雷达作为未来“海洋三维遥感”的主要技术手段。本文对近50年国内外激光海洋剖面探测技术的理论与应用、基础性关键探测机理问题，尤其是近10年来的试验性探索及其在多个海洋科学问题中的应用进行了综述。结合中国自主“观澜号”海洋科学卫星计划中海洋剖面探测激光雷达的系统论证与指标要求，提出了未来海洋剖面探测激光雷达发展路线图建议以及中国有望率先在空间海洋剖面激光探测领域取得突破的设想。

Abstract

Ocean observation is one of the major parts of the global integrated observation system

where ocean remote sensing (or satellite oceanography) takes a key position. Nowadays

there are stronger requirements than ever that ocean remote sensing technology should make direct detection of three-dimensional (3D) stratification structure of the upper ocean. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) remote sensing

based on ocean color (OC)

thermal infrared

and microwave sensors (radiometer

scatterometer

altimeter

and SAR

etc.)

can only detect sea-surface or sea-skin properties

and then retrieve or deduce the profile-structures of the water body. Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) has defined 31 ocean variables as ECVs (Essential Climate Variables)

which is identical to the EOVs (Essential Ocean Variables) defined by the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS). But

only 11 in those 31 variables can be measured by traditional 2D remote sensing technologies

and yet with some accuracy or uncertainty problems. If 3D remote sensing technology could be developed

half a dozen more variables (namely the subsurface ones) would be acquired from space

which could bring forth great benefits to the ocean and earth observation system. Besides the observation subsurface variables

other critical defects of traditional 2D sensors are the inability of measuring the ecosystem activities and changes under low-light conditions

as that in the arctic ocean

and the incapability of monitoring the vast diel-vertical-migration of zooplankton at dawn/dusk and night. It seems that the active optical sensing system

i.e.

the ocean profiling lidar or oceanographic lidar (not the ones for shallow water bathymetry or mapping)

is currently the only feasible technology that can make direct 3D detection for the upper ocean profiles and work in a whole diel cycle to monitor the plankton activities to facilitate the studies of the life system in ocean. This paper aims to give an overall but concise review of the progress of ocean profiling lidar technology for the past 50 years

especially those of recent 15 years

including the theory

models

techniques

and preliminary experiments and applications practiced in-lab

in-situ and by airborne or spaceborne systems. The airborne oceanic lidar systems mainly refer to elastic polarimetric lidar or HSRL ones from NOAA or NASA

and the spaceborne lidars and their ocean profiling applications

refer mainly to the CALIOP onboard CALIPSO and the ATLAS onboard ICESat-II

though with limited sensing capability and coarse resolution. Some of the key issues of oceanographic lidar sensing are discussed

including the Mueller matrix

volume scattering function (VSF) of complex water constituents

blue-green dual-bands elastic polarimetric

the maximum detecting depth

inelastic scatterings (Brillouin

Raman)

and the stringent engineering restraints

etc. The methods and mechanisms of oceanic lidar to probe the stratified bio-optic properties

NPP and carbon stocks of the euphotic layer

thermal structures of the upper ocean

plankton migration

fish flocks

air-sea interface properties

internal waves

etc.

are given in the view of applications other than in that of instrumentation. The specific and effective applications

based on LiDAR’s unique profiling and night-time sensing ability

include the sensing of changes in the arctic ocean ecosystem during the polar nights

and the vertical-diel-migration of zooplanktons

these are largely missing in traditional ocean color. Monte Carlo (MC) models are powerful and versatile tools for the researches and system designs of oceanic lidars. Lidar MCs are capable of dealing with ray-tracing and polarimetric radiative transfer in a real-3D time and space frame. The MC models from distinguished research groups in ocean optics and lidar sensing are briefly reviewed. From the early 1990s

though left behind by international counterparts in some degree

Chinese experts on oceanographic lidar technology have also made many achievements in almost every aspect concerned

which are reviewed also in this paper. One of the outstanding achievements is the ~90m world record of the deepest detection depth in May 2019

obtained in the Southern China Sea by an airborne lidar system—the blue-green dual-bands oceanic lidar

developed jointly by SIOM/CAS and other institutes. The successful launch of CALIPSO-CALIOP in 2006 was the dawn of spaceborne oceanographic lidar technology. With CALIOP’s residual subsurface signals of backscattering

some tremendous oceanic applications have tried out and well demonstrated the necessity and revolutionary contributions of dedicated future spaceborne missions of oceanic lidar sensing. The technology of lasers and receivers for spaceborne system is much more matured and feasible than 15 years before

at least for the elastic polarimetric profiling lidar. As simulated by various Monte Carlo models

the detection depth of an affordable and engineeringly reliable oceanic lidar

no matter elastic

HSRL

or inelastic

is quite limited within 100m to 150 m with a vertical resolution of 1m or less. This depth may not be satisfactory to those serious oceanographers

but the ability of upper ocean profiling is definitely a break-through of the three dimensional ocean sensing technology. This depth may penetrate over 80% of the global euphotic zone or photosynthetic depth in which most of the ocean-NPP is originated. Along with the introduction of the Guanlan (means watching the waters) satellites project

an ocean science mission focused on three dimensional sensing of the upper ocean and sub-mesoscale phenomena

proposed and initiated by the National Laboratory of Marine Science & Technology (Qingdao)

a road-map of oceanographic profiling lidar series is suggested in 4 stages

from elastic

HSRL

Brillouin and multi-beam push-broom. As the primary and promising candidate sensor of 3D ocean sensing

spaceborne oceanic profiling lidar can be realized in near future. Technically

China has the ability and chance to be the leading runner.

关键词

海洋遥感海洋三维遥感激光雷达海洋剖面探测海洋科学卫星

Keywords

ocean remote sensingocean three-dimensional remote sensingLidarocean profile detectionmarine science satellite

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DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20210495

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