Development and prospects of machine learning methods in geographic elements classification
- Vol. 27, Issue 8, Pages: 1757-1768(2023)
Published： 07 August 2023
DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20232299
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摘要
地理要素一般包括自然和人文两类对象。日益增加的遥感大数据和泛在的社交媒体数据为这两类对象的要素分类提供了丰富的数据源。基于遥感影像分类为主的自然要素提取和基于网络文本和社交媒体的人文要素提取，是当前地理要素分类的两大主流。前者以图像处理技术为支撑，后者则以自然语言处理技术为核心。随着机器学习等人工智能分类方法的介入，两类要素分类呈现越来越多的共性相通特点。本文以机器学习方法的演变历程为媒介，剖析了其在自然地理要素遥感影像分类和人文社会要素网络文本分类方面的异同。以遥感单一对象、复合对象分类和微博社交媒体话题分类提取为实例，指出二者在机器学习分类方法上具有相通性。遥感大数据和网络文本大数据分类方法的相互借鉴能够促进自然与人文地理要素的智能分类应用。
Abstract
Geographic objects typically include both physical and human elements. The big data produced by remote sensing and the ubiquitous social media data provide rich sources for the feature classification of these two types of objects. The extraction of physical objects based on remote sensing classification and the extraction and classification of social media information based on web text are the current mainstream methods of extracting geographic objects. The former is supported by image processing technology
whereas the latter is achieved using natural language processing technology. With the application of artificial intelligence classification methods such as machine learning
the classification characteristics of these two types of elements are becoming increasingly common. Using the evolution of machine learning methods as a medium
in this study
we compared the remote sensing classification of single- and multiple-element physical geographic elements and the natural language processing classification of web text elements. Since the 1940s
the development of machine learning methods has experienced five stages
namely
germination
development
bottleneck
recovery
and outbreak. Machine learning and related information classification methods have become the current focus of researchers. We described the principle applied by machine learning methods for geographic element classification and divided the classification process of geographic elements into data acquisition
data preprocessing
feature construction or model training
and accuracy evaluation. We observed many similarities between physical-element-oriented remote sensing classification and human-element-oriented text classification in terms of their process and model. However
text and remote sensing classifications also differ in their data and tasks. By using single objects
compound object classification
and microblog social media topic classification extraction as three examples for remote sensing classification
we further examined the process of completing different geographic element classification tasks. We then built a pixel-based CNN model to classify the water bodies in the Tuul River region of Mongolia. Land cover classification mainly adopts random forest
decision tree
maximum likelihood
support vector machine
and pixel-object-knowledge methods to map the global land cover. Social media classification uses latent Dirichlet allocation and a random forest algorithm to classify the public sentiment on COVID-19 topics in microblogs. From the discussion
we noted similarities and differences in the use of machine learning methods for classifying the two types of geographical elements. Remote sensing and text classification are generally consistent
while remote sensing image classification and web-based text classification can learn from each other in many cases. The differences between these methods lie in their focuses on data processing and targeting. Specifically
text classification focuses on word separation and word vector construction
whereas image classification focuses on obtaining feature information
such as the spectrum
textures
and band indices of the target objects. The combination of geographic element classification and artificial intelligence has considerable potential. With the development of big data and the mining and use of multisource heterogeneous data
the multimodal learning of joint text and images can provide new directions and ideas for geographic object research. The integrated fusion of geoscience-domain knowledge and deep learning methods is expected to become a mainstream approach for advancing remote sensing information extraction in the future. The mutual reference among classification methods for remote sensing and social media big data can expand the applications of the intelligent classification of physical and human geographic elements.
关键词
地理要素分类自然地理要素人文地理要素机器学习遥感分类网络文本分类自然语言处理
Keywords
geographic elements classificationphysical geography elementshuman geography elementsmachine learningremote sensing classificationweb text classificationnatural language processing
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Huzhou Zhonghe Survey Planning and Design Co. LTD
College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology
Key Laboratory of Computational Optical Imaging Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences
College of Geomatic, Xi'an University of Science and Technology
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University
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