最新刊期
      卷 4 ， 期 S1 ， 2000
      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S117
        摘要：This paper proves the directional reflectance phenomena of ground objects and hot-spot effect by using fielddata and NOAA satellite data. This further proves that NOAA data has directional reflectance information. Theprecision of unsupervised classification is improved by using multi-directional NOAH data, which indicates that thedirectional information can be applied to Remote Sensing. Finally, this paper analyzes the effect of traditional remotelysensed data processing method on directional information, especially that of the sun zenith angle calibration.  
          
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S106
        摘要：MODIS is an EOS facility instrument designed to measure biological and physical processes on a global basis every 1-to-2days. The enhanced knowledge of global dynamics and processes occurring on the surface of earth and in the lower atmosphere can be derived. In this paper, an atmospheric temperature profile is retrieved from MODIS atmospheric temperature sounding bands using genetic algorithms, and then the water vapor profile is derived from MODIS water vapor sounding bands. Once the atmospheric temperature profile and water vapor profile are obtained, the atmospheric radiation could be corrected. The method of emissivity bounds is employed to restrict the range of emissivity of each band. The emissivity limits of final band can be used by genetic algorithm to synchronously retrieve land surface temperature and band emissivities. Simulation experiments show that relatively accurate atmospheric profile and land surface parameters, which play important roles in global warming effect and global change research,can be obtained from MODIS data using genetic algorithms.  
        关键词：genetic algorithms;MODIS data;atmospheric profiles;land surface parameters   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S116
        摘要：This paper utilizes the sequential NOAA data to extract the multi-angle image following Rahmansemi-emperical model and analyzes the result in theory. According to the experimental result, the model is inversedcorrectly. The achieved multi-angle image coincides with real-measured data perfectly and can be explained by themodel itself. The achieved three parameter-image possesses the potential value in distinguishing ground objects.  
        关键词：BRDF;NOAH data;model inversion;extraction of the direction information   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S105
        摘要：After carefully studying the results of retrieval of land surface temperature (LST) acquired by multi-channel thermal infrared remote sensing data, the authors point out that the accuracy and significance for applications are seriously damaged by high correlation coefficient among multi-channel information and its disablement of direct retrieval of component temperature. Based on the model of directional radiation of non-isothermal mixed pixel, we point out that the mufti-angle thermal infrared remote sensing can offer the possibility to directly retrieve component temperature. But it is difficult to synchronously retrieve all parameters using traditional inversion methods because the model is a numerical conception model based on Monte Carlo simulation. In order to effectively derive the parameters, we use neural network model. The parameters to be retrieved, such as component temperatures, soil emissivity and LAI,are all nonlinear function of mufti-angle radiation, and when the classical back-propagation (BP) algorithm was employed to retrieve these parameters, it was easily entrapped at local optimal regions. Therefore, we first employ genetic algorithm (GA) to train the neural network, and obtain the weights between the layers of neural network, which were used as the initial weights of the BP algorithm, then continue to train the network until the results are satisfied. Thus, the speediness of BP algorithm was developed and the optimal configuration of network weights are obtained. Based on the model of iadiant directionality of non-isothermal mixed pixel, simulated results show that retrieved mufti-dimensional parameters are superior when using GA to optimize the neural network weights.  
        关键词：mufti-angle thermal infrared remote sensing;model of radiant directionality of non-isothermal mixed model;genetic algorithms;neural networks   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S115
        摘要：In the study of inversion of BRDF physical models Li and Strahler presented an option of inversion based onthe priori knowledge. They emphasized that to accumulate the knowledge of ground objects is important. For thepurpose of the requirement of study of BRDF physical model and the model inversion, in this article, based on thedata collected in the field experiments on different varieties of winter wheat, in Beijing, Luan Cheng of Hebei Provinceand Yu Cheng of Shandong Province in different years, the seasonal change of geometry and optics of foliagecomponents and the optics of soil background are presented. It consists of the following five contents. (1) the seasonalchange of leaf area index, (2) the seasonal change of ratio of leaf area, stem area and ear area to the sum area of thesethree foliage components, (3) the seasonal change of leaf inclination, (4) the seasonal change of optics of leaf, stem andear, (5) the seasonal change of upward reflectance of soil background. It is a set of representative results in coverage ofmain growing period, of different varieties of winter wheat in the middle part of North China Plain.  
        关键词：BRDF;winter wheat;foliage components and soil background;geometry and optics;seasonal change   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S104
        摘要：A BRDF structure based on RS and GIS principle is discussed, and this principle differs from the traditional way. The kernel of the principle is inversion calculation of the reflectivity of the objects in different slope directions and one by one calculation of the reflection geometry parameters of the pixel slope directions. This principle extends a new approach with quick, real time and automatic way in natural environment for constructing a few objects' BRDF at the same time, which can be applied to remote sensing satellites of different resolutions without being restricted by the performance of analysis devices on the ground.  
          
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S114
        摘要：In this paper a series of test have been done in order to find out the IR feature of mixed pixel composed bythe objects of different temperatures. The results show that the augment of the effective emissivity exists when wedefine the temperature as an area weighted average temperature. The test validated Li-Wang-Strahler's scale-correctedPlanck law for non-isothermal surfaces.  
          
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S112
        摘要：Based on the experiment of Indoor simulation in the laboratory, this paper applied the thenmal radiationdirectionality model to verify its effectiveness on pixel scale. When the corresponding ground surface is primarilycomposed of three dimensional structure and is of heterogeneous temperature in a pixel, the observing data and analysisshow that the directionality of radiant temperature of one pixel is due to the geometrical construction and thetemperature difference between the sub-components in the pixel. In the indoor simulation experiment of threedimensional heterogeneous surface, it proved that the thermal radiation directionality model worked well in temperatureinve川ng on pixel scale.  
        关键词：thermal infrared remote sensing;Emissivity;thermal radiation directionality model;pixel of heterogeneous   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S113
        摘要：In this paper we validated Li-Starhler-Friedl's LSF) conceptual model about directional thermal radiation of non-isothermal surface with field measured data of winter wheat in Yucheng, Shandong Province on May, 1999. The directional-hemisphere reflectance that is made by the canopy structure is calculated with radiation transfer model, thencorresponding directional emissivity is obtained though using Kirchhoff law. The apparent directional emissivity that ismade by the canopy component temperature differences is calculated with geometric-optic model, in this context, gapprobability model is used. we can conclude that the LSF conceptual model is suit to directional thermal emission ofnon-isothermal canopy.  
        关键词：directional emissivity;remote sensing field experimentation;Model validation   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S103
        摘要：In this paper, we use Bayes inversion to retrieve structural parameters of horizontal homogeneous canopy. A priori constraints are introduced in order to add information into inversion procedure. Tests with both measured data show that the results become more stable and accurate. A multi-stage inversion further suppress the systematic noise due to measurement limitation or model defect.simulated and is also used to  
        关键词：BRDF;Bayes inversion;canopy structural parameters   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S121
        摘要：This paper presents the results of forest discrimination, classification, and volume estimation in two test sitesof China using multiparameters airborne and spaceborne imaging radar data. The SAR data were acquired duringSIR-GX-SAR and GlobeSAR missions. To improve the understanding of radar backscatter to canopy geometric feature,we extracted backscatter coefficient and intensity to analyze the effect of forest type discrimination, and the relationshipbetween forest parameters and radar backscatter. This study shows that it is very efficient for multifrequency andmultipolarization SAR data to discriminate different types of forest. The intensity of radar backscatter is also quitesensitive to the forest parameters, especially diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree mean height. Based on thissensitivity, the forest volume of the test site was estimated. Finally, the potential of multiparameters SAR data for forestapplications was analyzed.  
        关键词：Multiparameters SAR data;Forest applicafions   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S111
        摘要：The active measurement method of emissivity is done by measuring the directional half-sphere reflectance,and it has big errors because of the limited measured points in 2π space and the object heated by the radiative resource.The passive measurement method of emissivity has two problems; it is hard to directly get the temperature of object and difficult to separate the radiance of environment reflected by object from the sensor. In order to avoid measuring the temperature of object and eliminate the radiance of environment, the "box" and "two-temperature" methods have been put forward, but it is impossible to measure directional emissivity. For calculating the radiance of background, we built a boll with more than 3 meter diameter, and in the boll we measured the radiance of aluminum slab in different view angle under two different temperatures using the two-channel sensor attached on automatic frame, then we got directional emissivities of aluminum slab based on the common equation about radiance of background.  
        关键词：Emissivity;two-channel and two-temature   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S120
        摘要：It is difficult to explain and predict the law of formation, development, evolution and internal mechanism ofclimate change using currently available climate prediction models for studing on climate change. The main means ofstuding on climate change are climate digital simulations, and many methods were developed for them, however thereare uncertainty. The problem is mainly unobjectivity for operational direction of the models; contradictory of staticinitial field with dynamic process between land and atmosphere. Therefore, new methods must be found out with aidsof new technology. In this paper a model of dynamic land surface feature was developed based on remote sensing andGIS, including database of dynamic feature of land surface, inversions and calculations of albedo, temperature androughness of land surface.  
        关键词：energy exchange of land surface;model of land surface feature;remote sensing   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S102
        摘要：A priori information is crucial to solve ill-posed inversion problems. A priori knowledge database is set up from ground measurement of surface BRDF, which can supply a priori knowledge to the inversion of kernel-driven model and subsequently derive surface albedo.The a priori information plays three roles in inversion; to judge the credibility of inversion result,to detect and Smooth noise in data, and to get a reasonable result when there are  
        关键词：inversion;a priori knowledge;AMBRALS;kernel-driven BRDF model   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S110
        摘要：In this paper we simulated thermal emission scale effect of plane non-isothermal surfaces, and validatedLi-Wang-Strahler's scale-corrected Planck law for non-isothermal surfaces; We used multivariate normal distribution togenerate component emissivity and component temperature under given the mean, variance and covariance ofcomponent emissivity and temperature. Given pixel temperature, two scale-corrected factors could be calculated.Comparing simulated scale-corrected factors with Li-Wang-Strahler's scale-corrected factors, we found the simulatedones always was close to the deduced. The simulation showed that Li-Wang-Strahler's model correctly redressed scaleeffect of non-isothermal surfaces.  
        关键词：scale effect;directional emissivity;computer simulation;Model validation   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S119
        摘要：This paper discusses the analytical way of decomposing the remote sensing digital imagery. The method canseparate all the components (including the straight light, the sky scattering light and the brightness of the atmosphere)which form the original image information. Every component will generate a new digital image. These images are theresults of the interaction between all the components and the atmosphere, and objects, so, they have distinctive effect inthe remote sensing quantitative inversion searching for the earth's surface radiant energy and the state of environmentand pattern recognition of remote sensing pictures.  
        关键词：remote sensing;digital image;analysis   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S101
        摘要：Kernel-driven BRDF model was applied in AMBRALS (algorithm for MODIS land surface BRDF and albedo products). In this paper, we derived a new Geometrical-Optical (GO) kernel-LiTransit-to substitute the LiSparseR kernel, which is currently used in AMBRALS. The new kernel is a natural transition from LiSparse to LiDense kernel "when vegetation become filling the field of view. LiTransit has the advantage of both LiSparse and LiDense, and accords more to the basic concept of GO model. Experimental results of 29 ground measured BRDF data sets show; LiTransit has similar data fitting ability with LiSparseR, but more stability when extrapolated to large zenith angles; comparing with Rossthick-LiSparseR, the combination of RossThick-LiTransit shows more accordance with albedo's downward tendency with respect to increasing sun zenith. Our inversion result with NOAA-AVItR data also suggests that the results derived by RossThick-LiTransit are more robust.  
        关键词：albedo;kernel-driven BRDF model;MODIS;AMBRALS   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S109
        摘要：A model for thermal IR exitance of a plant canopy based on Monte Carlo simulation of photon transport isdeveloped. The canopy is defined by leaf area index, leaf angle distribution, and leaf area profile. Canopy is dividedinto some layers by layer density. Every layer can have itself leaf area index and leaf angle distribution. Soil and leaf areassumed as Lambertian source, and they also do Lambertian response for photon scattering. The Monte Carlosimulation included mutli-scattering of photon. The LSF conceptual model of effective emissivity for non-isothermalsurface is validated. Simulation showed that the multi-scattering between components and component temperaturedifferences of a canopy are two key factors for directional thermal emission of the canopy. Component temperaturedifferences influence effective emissivity weakly, thus the effect can be ignored.  
        关键词：directional emissivity;Monte Carlo simulation;Model validation   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S107
        摘要：In this paper the differential equations related to fluid mechanics are simplified on the basis of experiment. Astatic state water thermal model is built up and the related operational program is given. The maximum day-and-night error between the measured value and calculated value is 0.910C and the average error is 0.550C.This model can be used in classification of infrared background, detection of water pollution using remote sensing and other related fields.  
        关键词：infrared remote sensing;numerical simulation;infrared reconnaissance;remote sensing staler   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S118
        摘要：Thermal video camera equipped with wide-angle FOV lens has been used to acquire mufti-angular thermalimagery. In order to extract the directional infonmation for individual pixels at different view angles, image merging isneeded to co-register mufti-view angle imagery. This paper describes an automated image merging procedure toaccomplish this task. After analyzing the relationship between TIR image's correlation coefficients, spatial resolution,image texture and image overlap ratios, a mufti-step automatic merging algorithm procedure is described. The method istested using mufti-angular airborne thenmal infrared imagery for an experimental site characterized by agricultural landuse. Results from these tests show that the accuracy is better than one pixel.  
        关键词：image correlation;automatic merging;thermal infrared imagery   
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      • Vol. 4, Issue S1, (2000) DOI: 10.11834/jrs.2000S108
        摘要：The discontinuous vegetation canopy widely exists in the world, and the cone has been substituted for discontinuous vegetation canopy in this paper, in order to describe the Monte Carlo method used to simulate the radiant directionality of non-isothermal discontinuous target. Comparing the simulated result with that of indoor experiment, it shows a large difference when the relatively smooth target has been assumed to be Lambertin and only directive radiance of targets has been taken into account while the multi-scattering is ignored.  
        关键词：non-isothermal pixel;radiant directionality;Monte Carlo method   
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